The energy generated by protons travelling down a charge and ph gradient to rotate the bacterial flagellum is known as the proton motive force.
A proton motive force
In the mitochondria of most tissues, the proton-motive force produced by the respiratory chain complexes is mostly employed to move protons through the ATP synthase complex, where they are converted into ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate.
Is there a pH gradient in proton motive force?The proton motive force is produced by an electrochemical gradient that has both chemical and electrical components. The pH gradient, or varying proton concentrations, is what causes protons to migrate across the membrane with a movement of molecules from one side to the other and is what makes up the chemical component.learn more about proton motive force here
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What kind of protein structure is achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule?
When alpha-helical or beta-pleated sections of the polypeptide chain fold over one another to form a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule, the protein structure is said to be tertiary.
What section of the polypeptide chain results in the formation of the alpha-helix or beta pleated sheets?The bonds that occur between every fourth amino acid in the alpha helix twist the chain of amino acids. The "pleats" in the -pleated sheet are created by hydrogen bonds forming between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone.
Beta-Pleated sheets and alpha-Helixes are examples of a protein's secondary structure. Both of them are created by hydrogen bonds between the amino H and carbonyl O of different amino acids.
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All of the actinoids are:
Answer:
Option three
Explanation:
Radioactive elements
1 m2 of a field gets about 1050MJ of light energy per year. Only 21 500 kJ of energy is stored in the new grass.
How is the energy stored in the new grass?
Glucose is the form in which the energy is kept in the grass plant. Water and carbon dioxide are converted by plants into a sugar called glucose using the power of the sun.
Food is produced by plants through a process known as photosynthesis. Plants use their leaves to capture light energy during photosynthesis. Starch, a complex carbohydrate that can be converted into a simple carbohydrate (glucose) for the plant to use as fuel, is how plants store their energy. Like other cells, plant cells store starch (glucose) in storage organelles. Plants use glucose as a source of energy and to create other compounds like cellulose and starch. Plants, algae, and some bacteria carry out the process by utilizing sunlight to create oxygen (O2) and chemical energy that is stored in glucose.
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Salivary glands produce large amounts of enzymes, such as amylase, that are secreted out of the cells . Which of the following explanations best fits abundance of certain organelles over others in these cells ?
Answer:
Sorry if this doesn't help, but I believe the answer would be
"ribosomes".
(I'm not experienced in this subject but I hope I could help!)
Salivary glands produce large amounts of enzymes, such as amylase, that are secreted out of the cells. Ribosomes are the organelles which are more abundant in cell over others. Thus, the correct option is B.
What are Ribosomes?Ribosome are the cell organelles which are abundant in the cells over the other organelles. Ribosomes are found attached to the surface of the Endoplasmic reticulum, these structures are called Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).
Ribosomes are the cellular machinery which are responsible for making proteins through the process of translation. There are many ribosomes in each cell, which are made up of two subunits. These two subunits include one large and one small subunit which lock around the messenger RNA (mRNA) and then travel along the length of the mRNA molecule reading each three-letter codon which encode different amino acids and hence proteins.
Therefore, the correct option is B.
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Your question is incomplete, most probably the complete question is:
Salivary glands produce large amounts of enzymes, such as amylase, that are secreted out of the cells . Which of the following explanations best fits abundance of certain organelles over others in these cells?
A. Mitochondria
B. Ribosomes
C. Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Golgi Apparatus
Fluid first enters the nephron as __________, and the fluid that leaves the nephron and enters the ureters is __________.
The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle or glomerular capsule, and the renal tubule.
The renal corpuscle is?A renal corpuscle—also called a malpighian body—is the portion of the kidney's nephron that filters blood. A glomerulus, or group of endothelial-cell-lined capillaries, and a glomerular capsule, also known as Bowman's capsule, make up the structure.
The glomerular capsule is the first part of the nephron to filter substances out of the blood and into the renal corpuscle.
The glomerulus is encased in a cup-shaped sack called Bowman's capsule, which is a component of the nephron. The "Bowman's space" in Bowman's capsule, which is connected to the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron and serves as the start of the urinary space, is enclosed.
As blood enters the Bowman's capsule in the nephrons, excess fluids including water, salt, and metabolic waste products are drawn out of the blood. Glialular filtrate is the name of the fluid found in the Bowman's capsule. Except that it contains almost no protein, it is comparable to blood plasma.
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Electrons have a charge of
Answer:
-1
Explanation:
Derotative righting is a postural reaction. the stimulus for this reaction is turning the head to the side. what reflex must disappear in order for derotative righting to occur?
Tonic neck reflex must disappear for derotative righting to occur.
Postural reflexes help the newborns maintain their posture in a variety of circumstances. Some of the reflexes assist the newborn keep their head erect and rolling over. Postural reflexes often begin around the age of 2 months and fade around the age of 12 months. When the newborn is laying in supine posture and the legs and pelvis are turned to the opposite side, the head and trunk follow the rotation. The inverse response is also true; if the infant's head is rotated sideways, the body will follow suit in rotation. Following the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, this reaction appears around 4 months of life. This response frequently occurs later and is more severe in newborns with cerebral palsy.
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A mechanism that generates musical vibrations and launches them into the air is called a(n) _____.
Mechanism that generates musical vibrations and launches them into the air is called an aerophone.
What is an aerophone?An aerophone is a musical instrument that generates sound by causing air to vibrate without the use of any type of strings or membranes and without the vibration of the instrument itself that add the sound. Whistles, blowholes, cup mouthpieces, reeds, organs, and the free aerophone are the six types of aerophones. With the vibration of air, the sound is produced which makes the mechanism of aerophones.
We know that many instruments make vibration when the musician strikes the strings. The trumpets, tuba, harmonica, horn, accordion, clarinet, piccolo, flute, saxophone, accordion and whistle are the examples of Aerophone. These instruments sound very good when they are played as a band as compared to sole performance.
So we can conclude that Mechanism that generates musical vibrations and launches them into the air is called an aerophone.
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During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl coa molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of:_______
During the citric acid cycle, an acetyl co A molecule produced in the intermediate stage combines with a molecule of oxaloacetic acid.
The primary energy source for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration is the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, sometimes called the Krebs or citric acid cycle. This cycle converts the chemical energy of acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), which is further oxidized and enters the TCA cycle as acetyl-CoA. The intermediate half of the cycle also serves as the starting point for pathways leading to important molecules such as fatty acids, amino acids, and porphyrins. If any of these intermediates are diverted in this way, the integrity of the cycle is compromised and the cycle ceases to function. Only when the diverted intermediate, or the subsequent intermediate leading to oxaloacetate, is replaced by a replenishment (replenishment) process can significant energy production resume.The correct answer is oxaloacetic acid.
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The effect of high blood ph (alkalosis) on the respiratory centers in the brain is/are?
Answer:
Whenever the blood's acid-base equilibrium is affected by increasing quantities of carbon dioxide, pulmonary alkalosis results. People who have fast, uncontrolled breathing regularly face it (hyperventilation). Treatments that reduce the chance of hyperventilation are a component of the therapy. Alkalosis leads to cerebral vasoconstriction, which as a result decreases the brain's processing power and likely contributes to misperceiving and misreading. Hyperventilation is a subsequent disease to respiratory alkalosis. The most common causes of hyperventilation include shocks like hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, discomfort, stress, or a rise in metabolic demand. The body mostly uses the lungs to make up for both acidosis and alkalosis. When we breathe, the lungs let a certain amount of carbon dioxide leave, which alters the overall alkalinity of our blood. Additionally, the kidneys contribute by regulating the release of bicarbonate ions.
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During the krebs cycle, a six-carbon molecule is oxidized to become first a five-carbon molecule, and then a four-carbon molecule. where do the lost carbons go?
The lost carbons are released as CO2.
Krebs Cycle- The Krebs cycle, sometimes called the TCA cycle or the citric acid cycle, is a series of chemical processes that take place in the mitochondria and are essential for the aerobic respiration that provides energy to nearly all living things. It consumes oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water as waste. ATP is created here from ADP.
Mitochondria- The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
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explain why a professional sports man often has a diet which contain plenty of protiens on most days
Answer:
youre my honey buch sugar pump pumpky umky yumkin you're my squisze pie
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats and monkeys because:_______.
Neuroscientists study the nervous systems of other animals such as slugs, snails, fruit flies, rats, and monkeys because all animals are related so if we study them we will know more about human brain.
A neuroscientist is someone who is curious about the human brain, its functions, physiology, morphology, how it behaves etc. They study all the facts and acquire knowledge by working on different projects including different insects and animals to unravel the mysteries of human mind.
The study revolves around the functioning of the nervous system and all of its different cells that are involved and the people that study them are called neuroscientist, who may or may not be a person from the medicine stream.
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True or false? cell death normally does not occur unless there has been an injury to the cell.
The statement 'cell death normally does not occur unless there has been an injury to the cell' is false.
A cell can be described as the basic building block of life. All living organisms are known to be made of cells.
There are various reasons that a cell might die. A cell might die when its function is over. A cell might also die for the formation of other structures in the body. For example, the formation of an outer layer of the skin requires dead cells. A cell might kill itself if it has no use or finds that it has been invaded by an antigen.
Hence, the statement that cell death occurs only due to injury is false as cell death can occur due to various other reasons.
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Secondary minerals are most prominent in the ________ fraction of soils.
a. organic
b. silt
c. clay
d. sand
Option c. is correct. Secondary minerals are most prominent in the clay fraction of soils.
Soil minerals are a natural source of plant nutrients that are released gradually over time as a result of chemical weathering. While secondary minerals are a byproduct of chemical weathering and are formed either by partial chemical alteration of primary minerals or by chemical precipitation from the reaction of components dissolved from other minerals.
The majority of secondary minerals are soil-stable hydrated aluminosilicates or Fe and Al oxyhydroxides. The majority of hydrated aluminosilicates are phyllosilicates also known as clay minerals, which are the most common secondary minerals in Canadian soils.
The fraction of clay minerals is fundamentally different from the sand and silt fractions, not only in grain size but also in mineralogy. It typically contains secondary minerals which are by-products of chemical weathering and re-precipitation. Although some clay minerals are amorphous, crystalline clay minerals are the most common.
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Very small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun are called _______. group of answer choices
Meteoroids are incredibly tiny, stony bodies that revolve around the sun. As with planets, asteroids, and comets, rocks or iron chunks called meteoroids orbit the sun.
As a meteoroid enters the atmosphere, friction warms it up, producing a brilliant trail of hot ionized gases (plasma) known as a meteor. If the item survives both its entry into the atmosphere and its landing on the ground, it is referred to as a meteorite. Asteroid pieces make up more than 99 percent of meteorites. A tiny group is known to have come from the moon, and another group is widely believed to have originated on Mars. Although it hasn't been proven conclusively, there is also grounds to think that some are pieces of comets rocky debris.
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Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. how many 5' ends would there be?
The number of 5' ends would be Gap 1:6, Gap 2:12.
The carbon atoms in the sugar ring are numbered from 1' to 5', and the "5 prime end" of a nucleic acid strand has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 5' carbon and the "3 prime ends" has a free hydroxyl (or phosphate) on a 3' carbon. For a single-stranded (ss) DNA strand or an RNA strand, that is an easy enough task.
The pairing of the 5' end of one strand with the 3' end of the other strand in double-stranded (ds) DNA is not immediately apparent, however (it is "antiparallel"; ). If one strand is the sense strand of a gene. In that situation, the direction is determined by the sense strand's orientation.
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"_____ can fight some bacterial diseases.
Antibiotics can fight some bacterial diseases.
Antibiotics are the medication specially produced to fight the bacterial diseases. They can either kill the bacteria or slow their growth inside the host body. Some examples of antibiotics are: penicillin, cephalosporins, tetracycline, etc.
Bacterial diseases are those caused by the bacteria. These can be present outside the body and cause infection or may be present inside. The examples of diseases are: Tuberculosis, Anthrax, Tetanus, Leptospirosis, Pneumonia, etc. Some of the general symptoms of the bacterial disease are: fever, chills, cough, redness or swelling in some part of the body, vomiting, stomach pain, etc.
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Dialysis uses the process of:_____.
a. facilitated diffusion.
b. primary active transport
c. simple diffusion
d. secondary active transport
Dialysis uses the process of simple diffusion.
Dialysis is a kind of treatment that performs some of the functions generally performed by healthy kidneys when the kidneys of the patient are not working properly. Dialysis helps to prevent the accumulation of salt and waste in the body by removing them. When the process of dialysis involves an artificial kidney it is termed hemodialysis while when the blood is cleaned inside the body it is termed peritoneal dialysis.
Simple diffusion is a process in which the solutes pass through a concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Simple diffusion is used in dialysis as waste in the blood is in high concentration so it moves across the semi-permeable membrane to the dialysate.
All other options, such as facilitated diffusion is false as they are not used in the process of dialysis.
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A client experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. which hormonal response demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism?
A client experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. The hormonal response that will demonstrate the negative feedback mechanism is decreased production of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Negative feedback mechanism also called as inhibitory loop is the process of controlling the output of the body. Whenever any output like protein or hormone is produced in excess amount the body works the negative feedback mechanism to inhibit the excess of output by the body.
When there is thyroid tumor excess amount thyroid hormone is produced due to uncontrolled growth of the cells. Hence negative feedback mechanism occurs by decreasing the production of the Thyroid stimulating hormone which in turn decreases the production of thyroid.
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Aspartate and glutamate are two amino acids that are highly soluble in water. this is best explained by the fact that they __________.
Aspartate and glutamate are two amino acids that are highly soluble in water. This is best explained by the fact that they have electrically charged side chains or R groups.
What is Amino acid?Amino acids are organic compounds that consists of both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Hundreds of amino acids exist in nature, the most prevalent are the alpha-amino acids, which comprise proteins. Out of many only 22 alpha amino acids appear in the genetic code. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are leftover. Our human body uses amino acids to make proteins which helps the body to break down food.
The nature of side chains or R groups determines how soluble each amino acid is in water.
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based on your hypothesis, you predict that the chemical isolated from the fungus will successfully kill cancer cells. to test this prediction, you design the following experiment. you isolate cancerous cells from the colon of a patient from north carolina and culture (grow) the cells in your lab. you divide the cultured cells into four separate culture dishes. you treat two of the dishes with the fungus chemical and the other two with a control solution that does not contain the chemical. over the next ten days, you collect data on the percentage of cells that remain alive in each culture dish.
The analysis of the graph showing the percentage of cancer cells remaining after a given number of days gives;
Statement(s) supported by the data
Cancer cells treated with chemical have a lower survival rate than cells that are not treatedThis chemical will be useful for treating colon cancer but not necessarily other types of cancerAfter 5 days of chemical treatment, less than 50% of the cancer cells are aliveAfter 10 days without chemical treatment, more than 90% of the cancer cells are aliveStatement(s) not supported by the data
Cancer cells treated with chemical have a higher survival rate than cells that are not treatedThis chemical will be used with all types of cancerWhich information can be obtained from the graph of the data?The possible question options of obtained from a similar question are as follows;
Cancer cells treated with chemical have a lower survival rate than cells that are not treatedCancer cells treated with chemical have a higher survival rate than cells that are not treatedThis chemical will be useful for treating colon cancer but not necessarily other types of cancerThis chemical will be used with all types of cancerAfter 5 days of chemical treatment, less than 50% of the cancer cells are aliveAfter 10 days without chemical treatment, more than 90% of the cancer cells are alivePlease find attached the graph displaying the data collected.
Required; To determine the statements that are supported by the graph
From the graph, we therefore have;
Statement(s) supported by the data
Cancer cells treated with chemical have a lower survival rate than cells that are not treatedThis chemical will be useful for treating colon cancer but not necessarily other types of cancerAfter 5 days of chemical treatment, less than 50% of the cancer cells are aliveAfter 10 days without chemical treatment, more than 90% of the cancer cells are aliveStatement(s) not supported by the data
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Abnormalities of body structure function of metabolism that are present at birth are known as:________
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause. Birth defects may result in disabilities that may be physical, intellectual, or developmental
What is congenital disorder ?An illness that is present from birth is referred to as congenital. Environmental or inherited factors may contribute to congenital diseases. They occasionally have very little, if any, impact on a child's health and development.
Single-gene defects and chromosomal abnormalities are the two most frequent genetic causes of congenital malformations. Gene structural modifications (mutations) result in single-gene problems. These account for slightly more than 17% of congenital abnormalities.Hereditary disorders are passed on through the genes from parents to their offspring, while congenital disorders are present from birth. Orthopedic congenital and genetic problems come in a wide variety, and children typically react quite well to treatment.Learn more about Congenital Disorder here:
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The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called:________
The various chemical signals of the immune response, which include small proteins like histamine, are collectively called cytokines.
Histamine is a nitrogenous compound that serves multiple purposes inside the human body. It acts as a neurotransmitter, it also takes part in immune responses, and it also regulates some functions inside the gut. The inflammatory response of histamines produces itching.
Cytokines are a class of proteins involved in the cell signaling processes. They regulate the growth of various immune cells in the body. The examples of cytokines are: interferon, interleukins, growth factors, etc. The cytokines are synthesized by the T cells and macrophages.
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The pyrimidine found in both dna and rna is __ ___. the pyrimidine found only in dna is __ ___ while the pyrimidine found only in rna is __ ___.
The pyrimidine found in both dna and rna is cytosine. The pyrimidine found only in dna is thymine while the pyrimidine found only in rna is uracil.
Cytosine is one of the four nucleotide bases in DNA. Within a double-stranded DNA molecule, cytosine bases on one strand pair with guanine bases on the opposite strand. The sequence of the four nucleotide bases encodes DNA's information
Thymine helps stabilize nucleic acid structures
Uracil help carry out the synthesis of many enzymes necessary for cell function through bonding with ribose and phosphates.
Adenine and guanine will be the two primary varieties of purine. These both happen in both DNA as well as RNA. Only one of the three primary pyrimidine types cytosine is present in both DNA as well as RNA. The other two were uracil, which only occurs in RNA, and thymine, which only occurs in DNA.
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A cell is placed in to a solution. upon microscopic inspection of the cell, there appears to be no noticeable change in shape or size to the cell. what type of solution has this cell been placed?
The cell has been placed in an isotonic solution.
In the field of biology, an isotonic solution can be described as a solution in which the concentration of solutes and solvents is the same as the concentration of solutes and solvents inside the cell. As a result, there is no concentration gradient inside or outside of a cell.
When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the solvent would neither move into a cell nor move out of a cell because there is no concentration gradient. An equilibrium between the solutes and the solvent is present both outside and inside the cell in an isotonic solution. Hence, there will be no noticeable change in the shape or size of a cell when it is placed in an isotonic solution.
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Why does natural selection not produce populations that are perfectly adapted to their environment?.
Natural selection not produce populations that are perfectly adapted to their environment because Changing environments may change the nature of adaptive traits in a population.
No single trait is optimal in all environments, and natural selection may favor different traits as the environment changes.
What is Natural selection ?An evolutionary mechanism is natural selection. Environment-adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and dispersing the genes that contributed to their success. Over time, this mechanism leads to the evolution and divergence of species.
Populations change throughout time through natural selection, becoming increasingly adapted to their surroundings. Natural selection is reliant on the environment and necessitates the presence of heritable variation within a population.Learn more about Natural selection here:
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Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains.
Although the inner leaflet of the gram-negative outer membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, the outer leaflet of the outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides.
Phospholipids are the most abundant component of the plasma membrane. The structure of phospholipids is composed of a backbone of glycerol containing two fatty acid chains attached to two hydroxyl groups and one phosphate group attached to the third hydroxyl group.
Lipopolysaccharides, also abbreviated as LPS, are the major component of bacterial cell wall. The role of LPS is to provide structural integrity and high permeability to the bacteria. LPS is a pyrogen and can be toxic to human body.
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Which process uses clathrin in coated pits to bring substances into cells? mastering ohysion
The process uses clathrin in coated pits to bring substances into cells Receptor-mediated endocytosis.
In the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-coated pits are specialized patches in the plasma membrane that concentrate receptors, bend to create an invagination, and bud out with their receptor cargo.
What is Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
Bulk quantities of particular molecules can enter a cell via a process known as receptor-mediated endocytosis after interacting with cell surface receptors. The cell surface membrane is folded inward and finally pinched off forming a vesicle within the cell, allowing the chemicals coupled to these receptors to enter the cell. The budding vesicle's coating, which is made up of structural proteins like clathrin, gives it a rounded shape.
Low-density lipoproteins (LDL cholesterol) are one type of receptor-mediated endocytosis that is well understood.
Thus whenever a substance needs to go inside the cell via receptor mediated endocytosis it needs to form clathrin coated pits first which further will form vesicles and complete process will be done.
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Which immunologic change should the health care provider consider when planning care for an individual with chronic stress?
The immunologic change that the health care provider consider when planning care for an individual with chronic stress is to look for the cortisol levels that reduces the immune response.
Chronic stress is the feeling of anxiety and stress for a long period of time. The symptoms include ache, pain, insomnia, less socialization, and unfocused thinking.
Treatment involves visiting psychologist or psychiatrist, medication, lifestyle changes, etc.
The cortisol level increases in the blood due to chronic stress which suppresses the inflammatory responses and reduces the body's natural capability of immune responses.
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