DNA polymerases are responsible for building the DNA chain.
DNA Polymerases- All living things have a particular type of enzymes called DNA polymerase. DNA replication and DNA repair and upkeep are two of its primary functions. The enzyme is essential for the generational transfer of genetic information.
Enzyme- Proteins called enzymes aid in accelerating our bodies' chemical processes, or metabolism. Some compounds are created, while others are broken down.
DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, also known as DNA, is the molecule that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism's growth and operation. The structure of DNA is a double helix, which is made up of two connected strands that loop around one another to resemble a twisted ladder.
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Question 1 of 10
A city planner is trying to increase the number of green spaces in a city.
Which model would best represent the complex interactions in the city?
OA. A conceptual model comparing the role of the city's streets to the
role of veins and arteries in a body
OB. A map labeled with the names of existing buildings, streets, and
other structures
C. A scale model of the city, including roads, buildings, and empty
lots
D. A computer model predicting future population changes in the city
SUBMIT
When a city planner is trying to increase the number of green spaces in a city, the model that would best represent the complex interactions in the city is C. A scale model of the city, including roads, buildings, and empty lots.
What is green space?Urban green space, in land-use planning, refers to open areas set aside for parks and other "green spaces," including plant life, water features, and other types of natural environment. Although there are occasionally other types of open areas, green spaces make up the majority of urban open spaces.
In this case, when a city planner is trying to increase the number of green spaces in a city, the model that would best represent the complex interactions in the city is a scale model of the city, including roads, buildings, and empty lots.
In conclusion, the correct option is C.
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Which evolutionary mechanism changes genotype frequencies but does not change allele frequencies?
Assortative mating is the evolutionary mechanism that changes genotype frequencies but does not change allele frequencies.
Assortative mating is the type where two individuals mate with each other on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities. This is a different phenomenon than the random mating that occurs by chance. Assortative mating can be used to increase the number of organisms of a population containing a certain trait.
Allele is the alternative form of a gene. It arises due to mutations. A gene can have more than one types of alleles. However, usually a gene only has one allele. The alleles are found at the same location of the homologous chromosomes.
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Question 3 switch on your light source. make sure it is shining on to a wall. hold your largest plastic shopping bag square between the light source and the wall. what do you observe?
At first, we probably can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object.
What is shadow?
When an opaque item blocks light from a light source, it creates a shadow, which is a dark region. It spreads up into the entire three-dimensional space behind a light-emitting device. A shadow's cross section can be thought of as a backward projection of the item that is obstructing the light in 2-D.
We can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light because light moves in a straight line, the object could not obstruct the light coming from its source because it was not in the direct path of the light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object because the black shadow on the wall was produced when an opaque object was able to obstruct the light coming from the light source.
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On a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm. this cell is most likely a(n) __________.
If on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.
What is a monocyte?A monocyte is a blood cell ( a white blood cell) that plays a fundamental role in immune responses by protecting the body and eliminating pahtogenic harmful entities such as viruses and microorganisms such as bacteria.
In conclusion, if on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.
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Chymotrypsin is used for:__________
reduction of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues.
amino-terminal determination.
Chymotrypsin is used for polypeptide cleavage on the C side of Trp, Tyr or Phe.
What is Chymotrypsin?Other proteins' aromatic C-terminal amino acids are hydrolyzed by it using an active serine residue. The protease enzyme chymotrypsin cleaves peptide chains at the C-terminal phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y) residues.
Since the 1960s, chymotrypsin has been used in clinical settings as an oral proteolytic enzyme preparation. In comparison to a few other enzyme preparations currently on the market, it offers better inflammatory symptom relief and supports a quicker recovery from acute tissue injury.
The inactive monomeric protein chymotrypsinogen, which is produced and secreted by mammalian pancreas, is broken down into chymotrypsin by cleavage of several peptide bonds. As a result, three different polypeptide chains that make up the active enzyme were created.
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If there is an asymmetric charge distribution on a molecule creating a positively charged sector and a negatively charged sector, the type of molecule resulting would be ________.
If there is an asymmetric charge distribution on a molecule creating a positively charged sector and a negatively charged sector, the type of molecule resulting would be polar.
What is asymmetric charge distribution?Asymmetric charge distribution may be defined as a type of dissemination of charges between the molecules of compounds in an irregular pattern or at unequal frequencies.
The characteristic of polar molecules is that they occupy a charge on one side of the molecule. These molecules possess a region of partial charge. One side of these molecules is slightly positive and one side of the molecule is slightly negative.
Therefore, the polar molecules occupy an asymmetric charge distribution on a molecule creating a positively charged sector and a negatively charged sector.
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A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the _______, located at the base of the frontal lobe.
a) locus coeruleus
b) suprachiasmatic nucleus
c) nucleus accumbens
d) reticular formation
A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the a) locus coeruleus located at the base of the frontal lobe.
What causes the brain's reward centre to become active?Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that facilitates communication across the brain areas that make up the "reward system." To assess rewards and encourage humans to pursue them, dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) connect with neurons in the nucleus accumbens.
The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in balancing a person's desire for rewards with their physiological status. This area combines brain activity with the organism's physiological requirements.
According to studies, the most widely used substances in human misuse (such as cocaine, alcohol, nicotine, amphetamines, and opiates) trigger a neurochemical reaction that greatly raises the quantity of dopamine produced by neurons in the reward area of the brain.
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The diameter of a liver cell is 2.5x10-5m. The diameter of a bacterial cell is 2.0x10-7m. Calculate how many times larger the liver cell is than the bacterial cell. I need help with all A, B, and C.....please help
Answer: 125 times larger
Explanation:
Liver cell: 2.5x10-5m
Bacterial cell: 2.0x10-7m
(2.5x10^(-5)) / (2.0x10^(-7))=
2.5/2.0 * 10^(-5)/10^(-7)=
5/4 * 10^(-5-(-7))=
5/4 * 10^(-5+7)=
5/4 * 10^2=
100 * 5/4=
500/4=125 times larger
termites share an endosymbiotic relationship with the protozoan that live in their gut. which statements are true of this relationship? check all that apply.
Termites have a mutualistic relationship with protozoa that live in their gut. These termites get benefited by the ability of bacterial symbionts that is within the protozoa that digest cellulose.
Endomicrobia is the phylum of bacteria that lives in their gut and wood feeding cockroaches of genus Cryptocercus. These termites thrive on a diet of wood that is remarkable to biological coexistence that involves two organisms.
The symbiotic insect that live in gut breaks down the cellulose that is found in plant cell walls. Termites depends on the protozoa that provide the enzymes that can digest the wood.
Symbionts is an organisms that lives in symbiosis mainly with the smaller member of symbiotic pair.
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Which letter indicates the integument layer composed of keratinized stratified squamous cells?
The letter indicating the integument layer is A.
What are squamous cells?
Squamous cells has been described as thin, flat cells that look like fish scales, and are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Squamous cells usually have protective functions in the epithelial tissue layers where they are found. They protect the layer of cells below from microorganisms invasion as well as prevent water loss.
Squamous cells also play important roles ingaseous exchange in the lungs and waste and nutrients exchange in the digestive tract.
From the diagram given in your question, the letter indicating the integument layer is letter A.
Squamous cells look like fish scales when see under a microscopic eye.
In conclusion, Squamous cells are flat cells and are found in the epidermis. The Squamous cells shed as new ones form.
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He large protein complexes that are major protein-digesting organelles are _________
The large protein complexes that are major protein-digesting organelles are proteasomes.
What is proteasomes?Protein complexes called proteasomes use the chemical mechanism known as proteolysis to break down unwanted or damaged proteins. Proteases are an enzyme class that aids in these processes. A key method by which cells control the concentration of specific proteins and destroy improperly folded proteins includes proteasomes. All eukaryotic, archaea, and certain bacteria contain proteasomes. Proteasomes are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotes. Numerous physiological activities, such as the cell cycle, the control of gene expression, and reactions to oxidative stress, depend on the proteasomal degradation pathway.Learn more about the Proteasomes with the help of the given link:
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Which statement is a hypothesis that would best address the question, "Are black-tailed prairie dogs dying to sylvatic plague and causing the population to decline?"
A hypothesis is a claim the researcher makes to stablish a relationship between variables and predict the results of the experiment or explain what thinks is going on. Note: Since I did not find the options, I provide examples below.
What is a hypothesis?
When following the scientific methodology, researchers must formulate a hypothesis.
A hypothesis is a scientific conjecture, not verified, that requires corroboration. It is a possibility, not a fact. It is a claim of how it works a relationship between two or more variables.
The researcher hypothesizes to predict what is going on or what is expected to occur.
A hypothesis
• must be clear and comprehensive.
• must express the direct relationship between the involved variables.
• must be objective.
• must be testeable and falsifiable
There are different kinds of hypotheses: descriptive, correlative, differentiative, or causative
Question: "Are black-tailed prairie dogs dying to sylvatic plague and causing the population to decline?"
The variables involved in this question are,
Independent variable: sylvatic plague presenceDependent variable: black-tailed prairie dogs survival or death.population size change
Note: Since I did not find the complete question, I will propose a few potential Hypothesis as examples for you to understand the structure.
Hypothesis:
If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their mortality rate will increase, declining their population size.
If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their survival rate will decrease, declining their population size.
If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their population size will decline.
Another alternative is to think that variables are,
Independent variable: black-tailed prairie dogs dying to sylvatic plague or to other causesDependent variable: Population size changeHypothesis:
If black-tailed prairie dogs are dying to sylvatic plague, then their population size will decline.
Notice that in every case, you can mention first the independent variable and the effect it provokes on the dependent variable.
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What is the specific heat of a diamond if 4.5 J of heat is required to heat a 0.72 g piece of diamond from 10°C
to 22.3°C?
VARIABLES:
WORK
ANSWER:
9=
im =
Ср
=
AT =
The specific heat capacity of a diamond is 0.508 J/g/°C.
What is specific heat capacity of a substance?The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of that substance by one degree Celsius.
The specific heat capacity of a substance is calculated from the formula below:
q = mcΔT
where q is the quantity of heat
m is the mass of the substance
c is the specific heat capacity of the substance
ΔT is the temperature change
Making c subject of the formula
c = q/mΔT
From the data provided about the diamond;
q = 4.5 J; m = 0.72 g; ΔT = 12.3 °C (22.3 - 10)
Therefore, specific heat capacity c will be:
c = 4.5/(0.72 * 12.3)
c = 0.508 J/g/°C
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What precautions need to be taken in order to euthanize mice by carbon dioxide inhalation while ensuring the least amount of stress to the animals?
Be using a flow rate that moves 30% to 70% more volume through the cage or chamber each minute precautions need to be taken.
Inhale- To breathe in is to inhale. In contrast to "exhale," which is to breathe out, it is the reverse. Through our lips and nostrils, we take air into our lungs when we inhale, and breathe out again.
Lungs- The two spongy, pinkish-gray organs in our chest are our lungs. Air enters our lungs during inhalation, and oxygen from that air travels to our blood during breathing. Additionally, a waste gas called carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs where it is expelled.
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Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? how do they differ?.
Behavioral psychology's foundational ideas include classical and operant conditioning.
The goal of classical conditioning is to establish a connection between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously neutral stimulus.
As a reaction to the food, this unconditioned stimulus naturally and spontaneously causes salivation, which is referred to as the unconditioned response. The sound of the bell alone will begin to elicit salivation as a response after linking the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Now, the bell's sound is referred to as the conditioned stimulus, and salivating in response to the bell is referred to as the conditioned response.
Operant conditioning, often known as instrumental conditioning, is concerned with utilizing rewards or penalties to either promote or decrease a behavior. As a result of this procedure, a link is established between the action and its results.
Operant conditioning focuses on connecting a voluntary behavior and a reward, whereas classical conditioning links an automatic response to a stimulus.
However Both classical and operant conditioning entail associating behavior with environmental events and are guided by a number of general principles of association. For instance, it is simpler to associate stimuli that are similar to one another and occur at similar periods.
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Identify the statements that are true about the evolution of brain size in the genus homo.
The statement that is true about the evolution of brain size in the genus Homo is that the brain size has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.
The genus Homo comprises of present day humans, the Homo sapiens and also the extinct species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo Neanderthalensis.
The first human like being was Homo habilis. They had a brain size of 650-800 centimeter cube(cc).
The next stage in human evolution is Homo erectus who had a brain size of 900 cc.
The third stage was Homo neandarthalensis. Their brain capacity was about 1400 cc.
The final stage in the human evolution is Homo sapiens, the present day humans with a brain capacity of around 1300-1400 cc.
As it is evident from the above statements, the brain size of the genus Homo has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.
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Why does the cycle that occurs during the AIDS stage of HIV infection cause increasingly severe symptoms?
Answer:
The three stages of HIV infection are (1) acute HIV infection, (2) chronic HIV infection, and (3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Why would henry's eating and sleeping patterns inform the doctor about his peripheral nervous system?
1. Remember the peripheral nervous system branch Parasympathetic is involved in functions such as "rest and digest".
2. Cranial and spinal nerve sensory input-->is the infant successfully sleeping or drowsing following food intake?--> Mostly cranial nerve motor output
3. Yes-->all of the above is normal
4. No--> Any of the above could be malfunctioning
What is the peripheral nervous system?
Parts of the nervous system that are not located in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nerves, neuromuscular connections, spinal nerves, their roots, and branches are all included. Although the anterior horn cells are officially a component of the central nervous system (CNS), because they are a part of the motor unit, they are occasionally addressed with the peripheral nervous system.
Axons, or bundles of nerve fibers, carry information to and from the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system. The portion of the nervous system responsible for innervating involuntary bodily parts like the heart, smooth muscles, and glands is known as the autonomic nervous system.
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Consider the scenario. a scientist studying test taking sets up an experiment to see how sleep affects a student's success at taking a test. the scientist sets up four groups of students. one group is allowed to sleep 10 hours before taking a test. another group sleeps for 8 hours, the third group sleeps for 6 hours, and the fourth group sleeps for 4 hours. the students all take the same test at the same time in the morning in the same room. the scientist counts how many questions each student gets right and wrong. question what is the independent variable? number of correct answers number of correct answers duration of test duration of test hours of sleep hours of sleep
The independent variable in this study is the number of hours that a student sleeps
What is the independent variable?The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated in the reaction. It is the variable that is changed as the experiment progresses. The impact of this variable on the dependent variable is the subject of study in the experiment.
In this case, the experiment is trying to find out the effect of the hours that a student sleeps on the student's success at taking a test. In other words, the experiment is to establish whether or not the hours that a student sleeps has an effect on the student's success at taking a test.
Thus, the independent variable in this study is the number of hours that a student sleeps and the dependent variable is the number of numbers that the students get right or wrong.
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A sometimes fatal syndrome, characterized by hypertensive crisis, extreme agitation progressing to delirium, and coma is known as:_______
A sometimes fatal syndrome, characterized by hypertensive crisis, extreme agitation progressing to delirium, and coma is known as serotonin syndrome.
Serotonin syndrome refers to a group of serious symptoms that may appear as a consequence of more than normal levels of serotonin in the body. It is usually related to an increased usage of medicines that comprise serotonin.
Serotonin is generally involved in the narrowing of the arteries which results in a blood clot to heal wounds. However, increased levels of serotonin as in the case of serotonin syndrome can cause excessive narrowing of the arteries that prompts a severe increase in blood pressure which may result in a hypertensive crisis.
Serotonin is also responsible to manage mood and anxiety. However, an increase in serotonin level may alter the normal mental state which may result in delirium.
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Describe each of the cycles in nature. Identify where each cycle is found, how organisms use them, and what key words relate to them.
The correct answer is four cycles are (1) The Water Cycle or Hydrologic Cycle (2) The Carbon Cycle (3) The Nitrogen Cycle (4) The Oxygen Cycle.
The hydrologic cycle is the continuous movement of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. The water cycle is defined as the movement of water from the ground to the atmosphere and back again.
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon from the atmosphere to soils, living creatures, the ocean, and human sources.
The Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process in which nitrogen is converted into various forms before passing from the atmosphere to the soil to the organism and back into the atmosphere.
The entire cycle can be summarized as follows: the oxygen cycle begins with photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight, releases oxygen back into the atmosphere, which humans and animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide, and then links back to the process of photosynthesis.
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The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the:_____.
chloride shift
The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the chloride shift.
What transpires when a chloride shift occurs?Chloride shift is a process that takes place in the human body as oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported through the blood. RBCs absorb carbon dioxide, which is then converted to H2CO3 by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. H2CO3 then breaks down into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions.Where in the human body does chloride shift occur?The process of bicarbonate (HCO3) and chloride (Cl) being exchanged across the membrane of red blood cells is known as chloride shift, sometimes referred to as the Hamburger phenomena or lineas phenomenon and named after Hartog Jakob Hamburger (RBCs).
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A coccus bacterium, such as streptococcus pneunoniae, would be ________________.
A coccus bacterium, such as streptococcus pneumonia, would be round.
Streptococcus pneumonia is a bacteria that causes pneumococcal disease. It is an infectious disease that can spread from one person to another through the means of infected droplets. The primary organs that are affected by this disease are the lungs. The symptoms include short breaths, fever, cough, chest pain, etc. Hearing impairments, brain damage, and even death are also considered in severe cases.
PPSV23 and PCV13 are the vaccines recommended for adults and infants respectively to protect from pneumonia-causing bacteria. People should take precautions while traveling and spending time in crowded areas.
Streptococcus pneumonia is an oval or round-shaped gram-positive bacteria that generally lives in the confidential area of the human body as a pathogen.
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The observable expression of one's genetic makeup is referred to as his or her _________.
Starting with fructose 6-phosphate and proceeding to pyruvate, what is the net yield of atp molecules?
Net yield of ATP starting with Glucose-6-phosphate is 3 ATP molecules.
The steps to the solution are as follows :
Step 1.
Fructose-6-phosphate is formed from glucose-6-phosphate.
Step 2.
Fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. One ATP molecule is used in this step.
Step 3.
Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate is converted into one molecule of each of three carbon compounds: dihydroxyacetone 3-phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Step 4.
2 glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte molecules are converted into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-biphosphoglycerate molecules.
Step 5.
One molecule of 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate is converted into three molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate, yielding two molecules of 3-phosphoglycetare. This step required two ATP molecules, one for each molecule of 1, 3-biphophoglycerate converted.
Step 6.
Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycetare is converted to 2-phosphoglycetare, resulting in the formation of two molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate.
Step 7.
Each 2-phosphoglycerate molecule is converted into phosphoenol pyruvate.
Step 8.
Each phosphoenol pyruvate molecule is converted into pyruvate by producing one ATP molecule. As a result, two pyruvate molecules are formed, as well as two ATP molecules.
As a result, the net yield of ATP from glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate is;
The number of ATP molecules used = 1 (during the step of converting fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1, 6-biphosphate.
No. of ATP molecules formed = 4 (2 ATP molecules formed during the step of converting 1, 3-biphophoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and 2 ATP molecules formed during the step of converting phosphoenol pyruvate to pyruvate).
As a result, the net yield of ATP is equal to 3.
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What do scientists do to test the way one variable affects another?
A single independent variable can be used.
In a controlled experiment, you alter one factor (an independent variable) and track the effects it has on additional factors (dependent variable).You plan an inquiry for a controlled experiment based on background research and your hypothesis.Conducting at least 5 trials for each level of your independent variable is a good strategy to increase your confidence in your findings.Variables are elements that can alter in an experiment. Independent, dependent, and controlled variables are the three different categories of variables used in scientific experiments. The scientist makes systematic modifications to the independent variable and monitors how these changes affect the dependent variable.Because the experiment is set up to maintain the other variables at a constant value, or "controlling" a variable, they are referred to as controlled variables. There should be just one independent variable in a proper experiment.Therefore, controlled experiment with single variable can be used.
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The difference of a number and 16 is the equal to 45 what is the value of that number? Plss show work and explain
Answer:
So your two numbers are 10 and 25.
Explanation:
Call one of these numbers x and one of them y.
We know x+y = 35
We know x-y = 15
Add y to both sides of the second equation to get x=15 + y
Then plug this into the first equation as x --> (15 + y) + y = 35
This simplifies to 15+2y=35 by adding the y's.
We can subtract 15 from both sides to get 2y=35-15, which is 2y=20. Then divide both sides by 2 to get y=10. This is one of the numbers!
Then plug this back in to either equation above. I'll use the first equation that is x + y = 35. y=10, so x+10=35. subtract 10 from both sides to get x=35-10, so x=25.
Which organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion? lysosome chloroplast ribosome golgi apparatus plasmodesma
Lysosome organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion.
What is intracellular digestion?To function, all living things need energy. Cells must not only take molecules from their surroundings but also disassemble them in order to get energy from their external environment. Internal digestion is the term for this process.
Intracellular digestion refers to the process of food digestion that occurs directly inside the cells. Species with only one cell, such as amoebas, experience it.
When food is digested intracellularly, food components are broken down into smaller molecules inside of the cell's food vacuoles. When food is broken down into small molecules through extracellular digestion, it happens outside of the cell, either on decomposing organic matter or in the alimentary canal lumen.
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Which term names the process whereby molecules in vesicles are exported out of the cell?.
The process by which molecules in vesicles are exported out of the cell is called exocytosis.
Exocytosis is the process by which secretions of the cell are transported out of the cell into the extracellular fluid. It occurs when the vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane to allow its content to move out of the cell.
Cell membranes are semipermeable membranes that do not allow foreign molecules to pass through them. But vesicles and plasma membranes are both made up of lipids which is the reason why they can fuse. This fusion allows macromolecules to move in and out of the cell.
Neurotransmitters, cell wastes, germs, carbon dioxide, water, etc are some of the content that can move out of the cell through exocytosis. Cells also replenish their inner content by fusion with the vesicles and remove the toxic content from the cell if encountered with one.
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Which characteristic of a phospholipid contributes to the fluidity of the membrane?
The characteristic of a phospholipid that contributes to the fluidity of the membrane is the unsaturation of lipids.
Phospholipid is the most common type of lipid present in the plasma membrane. It contains the phosphate group in its polar head. The phospholipids that are present in the membrane are: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin.
Unsaturation of lipids is the presence of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. One of the fatty acid chain is unsaturated while the other is saturated. This gives a kink in the lipid structure. This kink prevents the tight packing of the lipid in the plasma membrane, thereby contributing in its fluidity.
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