The nerve cell stage in which potassium returns to the inside of the cell and sodium returns to the outside of the cell is called Refractory period.
Nerve cell is the functional unit of the nervous system. The action potential is transmitted through various phases.
Normally the nerve cell is in resting membrane potential of -70mV. During this phase all the gated channels are closed and only passive transport of ions take place.
As a action potential arrive all the voltage gated sodium open and influx of sodium occurs into the cells. It is called depolarization phase. It causes the membrane potential to pass to next part of the axon.
After that the potassium channels open and outflow of K+ ions occurs outside cell called repolarization.
The resting period after this is called refractory period.
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What does shading of a molecule indicate about the density of electrons around oxygen atom as compared to the density of electrons around a hydrogen atoms
Hydrogen is less dense than oxygen. The electron density of every atom depends on the quantity of electrons present, despite the fact that pictures of the electron densities of each atom were not displayed.
Since hydrogen only has one electron and oxygen has eight, this makes sense. If the relative electron densities are used to determine an atom's density, then oxygen with eight electrons is denser than hydrogen with one electron.
Why do hydrogen bonds in water seem stronger?Due to the higher electron density on oxygen in the water molecule that contributes the hydrogen atom to the HB, the hydrogen bond is more likely to form. The hydrogen-accepting water molecule has a lower electron density on hydrogen atoms, which is advantageous for additional hydrogen atom donations[16].
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Hydrogen is a smaller amount dense than oxygen. The electron density of each atom depends on the quantity of electrons present, despite the very fact that pictures of the electron densities of each atom were not displayed.
Reason:
Since hydrogen only has one electron and oxygen has eight, this is sensible . If the relative electron densities are wont to determine an atom's density, then oxygen with eight electrons is denser than hydrogen with one electron.
Why is electron density important?
The electron density is vital to the bonding and geometry of a molecule because the forces holding the nuclei together in a molecule are the attractive forces between the electrons and the nuclei. These attractive forces are opposed by the repulsions between the electrons and therefore the repulsions between the nuclei.
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Will there be a greater difference between the genome or the proteome between these two cells?
Answer:
A proteome comprises the entire map that includes all the proteins which will result from just a single gene, but a genome simply consists of genes that encode for proteins. As a result, there will be a significant size difference between the two. For instance, the genome of a skin cell is identical to the genome of another somatic cell, yet the proteome of a kidney cell comprises proteins such as angiotensin, tomm-Horsfall protein, etcetera. The proteome of the kidney cells is several times greater than that of the genome of skin cells, and each of these proteins might well have descended from a single gene.
If you're simply interested in the genome, keep in mind that somatic cell genomes are identical, however a proteome constantly varies depending on the cell type.
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Compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning. How are they alike? how do they differ?.
Behavioral psychology's foundational ideas include classical and operant conditioning.
The goal of classical conditioning is to establish a connection between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously neutral stimulus.
As a reaction to the food, this unconditioned stimulus naturally and spontaneously causes salivation, which is referred to as the unconditioned response. The sound of the bell alone will begin to elicit salivation as a response after linking the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Now, the bell's sound is referred to as the conditioned stimulus, and salivating in response to the bell is referred to as the conditioned response.
Operant conditioning, often known as instrumental conditioning, is concerned with utilizing rewards or penalties to either promote or decrease a behavior. As a result of this procedure, a link is established between the action and its results.
Operant conditioning focuses on connecting a voluntary behavior and a reward, whereas classical conditioning links an automatic response to a stimulus.
However Both classical and operant conditioning entail associating behavior with environmental events and are guided by a number of general principles of association. For instance, it is simpler to associate stimuli that are similar to one another and occur at similar periods.
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On a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm. this cell is most likely a(n) __________.
If on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.
What is a monocyte?A monocyte is a blood cell ( a white blood cell) that plays a fundamental role in immune responses by protecting the body and eliminating pahtogenic harmful entities such as viruses and microorganisms such as bacteria.
In conclusion, if on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.
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In expressing a mammalian gene in e. coli, the most formidable obstacle is the presence of:_________
1) introns
2) exons
3) repressors
4) enhancers
5) integrators
Option 1: In expressing the mammalian genes in e.coli, the most formidable obstacle is Introns.
Introns are the nucleotide sequences that do not directly code for proteins. They reside in the genes of an organisms and are generally removed during transcription of an RNA molecule.
Our DNA comprises exons and introns, where exons are coding parts while introns are non-coding parts. Introns get stuck in between which leads to stopping the coding of DNA because it does not form any kind of protein. These are like gap which is not coded for protein. So to avoid this obstacle we replace it with exons by the process of splicing. This is because exons form proteins and thus can participate in DNA coding (as DNA is responsible for the synthesis of proteins). These are found in all creatures and all types of genes.
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Characteristics that are genetically transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of.
Characteristics that are genetically transferred from parents to their offspring are said to be a product of heredity.
The transfer of traits from one generation to the next is known as heredity, also known as inheritance or biological inheritance. Whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic make-up of their parents. Variations between people can accumulate through genetics and lead to the natural selection-driven evolution of species. Genetics is the study of heredity in biology. It is well acknowledged that DNA, a molecule that conveys genetic information, is a significant carrier of heritable traits. DNA is a lengthy polymer that contains four types of interchangeable bases. The entire set of characteristics that can be observed in an organism's structure and behavior is referred to as its phenotype.
These traits are the outcome of the interplay between the genotype and the environment.
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Why do humans , bees , and flowers need glucose and not rocks ?
what is correct about a complex molecule and the components into which it breaks down?
The huge structure made up of numerous smaller pieces are complex molecules. Amino acids are formed from the complex molecules known as proteins.
Large chemical molecules with a key function in cellular and metabolic processes are known as proteins. They provide a variety of responsibilities and functions and have been of the utmost important for the live cell.The theory holds that amino acids, which function as monomers, are the building blocks of proteins. The polymeric structure of the protein is created by the amino acids joining together via peptide bonds. At the conclusion of translation, an amino acid is created and modified to create proteins.Once a protein source enters your stomach, it is broken down into smaller chains of amino acids by hydrochloric acid and proteases enzymes. Peptides, which are dismantled by proteases, are what connect amino acids together.Therefore, option B. is correct.
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The complete question is:
Which of the following is correct about a complex molecule and the components into which it breaks down?
A. Sugars break down into proteins.
B. Proteins break down into amino acids.
C. Carbohydrates break down into fats.
D. Fats break down into monosaccharides.
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All organisms need food that contains macromolecules in order to survive.
Which argument below best supports this claim?
Question 2 options:
Because food provides macromolecules that can be broken down and used by cells to transport materials to other cells in the body.
Because food provides macromolecules that are all used for energy by cells so they can continue to function and do chemical reactions.
Because food provides macromolecules that can be broken down and run chemical reactions in cells so they are able to function.
Because food provides macromolecules that can be broken down and then reused by the organism's cells to build other structures needed by the cell.
All organisms need food that contains macromolecules in order to survive. because food provides macromolecules that are all used for energy by cells so they can continue to function and do chemical reactions.
Why food is important for survival?A food is a type of substance that provides nutrients to our body. Nutrients are substances that provide energy for performing different activities such as growth, breathing, digesting food, and keeping our body warm. These materials are used for the growth and repair of the body and also keep our immune system healthy. Food also provide energy that is needed to keep the body breathing, movement, growth and repair of tissues.
So we can conclude that All organisms need food that contains macromolecules in order to survive. because food provides macromolecules that are all used for energy by cells so they can continue to function and do chemical reactions.
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What is the formula for anaerobic respiration?
Answer:
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the cell cytoplasm and produces lactic acid. The chemical equation is C6H12O6 -> 2C3H6O3 (Glucose -> Lactic acid). The lactic acid then needs to be oxidised later to carbon dioxide and water afterwards to prevent it building up
What is the relationship between science and technology?
1. Once a science exists a technology automatically exists to go with it.
2. The relationship between is very competitive as engineers are always trying to get ahead of scientists.
3. Before scientific understanding, there has to exist a technology that will assist scientists in making discoveries.
4. Before technologies can exist, there has to be scientific understanding in order to create a technology.
The relationship between science and technology is that before technologies can exist, there has to be scientific understanding in order to create a technology (option D).
What is technology?Technology is the organization and application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes.
On the other hand, science is the collective discipline of study or learning acquired through the scientific method i.e. the sum of knowledge gained from such methods and discipline.
Technology is the usage of the knowledge of science to create products for human benefit. This suggests that science must come before technology.
Therefore, the relationship between science and technology is that before technologies can exist, there has to be scientific understanding in order to create a technology.
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If m∠4 = 35, find m∠2. Explain.
35; ∠2 and ∠4 are alternate interior angles, so m∠2 = m∠4.
145; ∠2 and ∠4 are supplementary angles, so m∠2 = 180 − m∠4.
55; ∠2 and ∠4 are complementary angles, so m∠2 = 90 − m∠4
35; ∠2 and ∠4 are corresponding angles, so m∠2 = m∠4.
The correct answer is option 1.
From the accompanying photo,
Right triangle CAB has three sides.
Consequently, m1 = 90°.
Similarly, mACD = 90°
∠ACD = 90° = ∠ACB + ∠BCD
= m∠3 + m∠4 = 90°
Because m4 = 35°,
m∠3 + 35° = 90°
m∠3 = 90° - 35° = 55°
In the ABC triangle,
∠ACB + ∠CBA + ∠BAC = 180° [triangle property]
∠3 + ∠2 + ∠1 = 180°
55° + ∠2 + 90° = 180°
∠2 + 145° = 180°
∠2 = 180° - 145° = 35°
Because ABCDBC is a transversal,
The lines are referred to as transversal lines when a straight line crosses two or more parallel lines. Any time this transverse line crosses a coplanar line, alternate angles—also referred to as exterior or interior alternate angles—are created.
In light of this, ∠2 = ∠4 = 35° [Alternate Interior Angles].
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PLEASE HELP ASAPPP. WOLL GUVE BRAINLIEST AND 5 STAR RATING
Answer:
Heat flows from your hand to a soda can
Explanation:
Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.
Operant conditioning which encompasses blank and blank refers to the process and selectively effects of?
Operant conditioning which encompasses reinforcement and punishment refers to the process and selective effects of consequence on behavior.
Operant conditioning is the process of learning to behave in a way so that rewards can be obtained and at the same time punishments can be avoided. It is used by humans as well as animals.
The main purpose of operant conditioning is to reinforce required behavior by providing a system of reward and removing undesirable behavior by giving punishments.
It can be divided into positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment & negative punishment.
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Indicate which of the hardy-weinberg conditions is being violated in this example: some moths on a tree are easier to see due to their lighter color and therefore are eaten by predators more often.
The Hardy-Weinberg assumption was broken because the moths that were eaten by the predators were being selected because of their lighter color, which makes some moths on a tree easier to see and, as a result, more frequently consumed by predators.
What is predators ?
Predators are living things that go after and kill prey. The term "prey" refers to the living things that predators eat. Both carnivores and omnivores can be predators.
Predators include lions, tigers, sharks, and snakes. Genotypes resulting from mutation and recombination exhibit varying levels of reproduction and survival during selection.
In a selection, the geno type or phenotype that produces the most offspring on average over the course of its life is said to be the "most fit." It is influenced by geography, history, the environment, and genetics.
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Although community composition changes during succession, diversity rarely changes. true false
It is false that although community composition changes during succession, diversity rarely changes.
Succession is the phenomenon of how the change in the species structure and composition occurs over time. After a point of time, the last community takes over that is irreplaceable and it is known as the climax community. The first species that invades over an empty space is called the pioneer species.
Diversity is the variety if species present in an area over a period of time. It includes varieties from a small microbe to large plants and animals. More is the diversity of an area, more the area is considered to be functional.
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What precautions need to be taken in order to euthanize mice by carbon dioxide inhalation while ensuring the least amount of stress to the animals?
Be using a flow rate that moves 30% to 70% more volume through the cage or chamber each minute precautions need to be taken.
Inhale- To breathe in is to inhale. In contrast to "exhale," which is to breathe out, it is the reverse. Through our lips and nostrils, we take air into our lungs when we inhale, and breathe out again.
Lungs- The two spongy, pinkish-gray organs in our chest are our lungs. Air enters our lungs during inhalation, and oxygen from that air travels to our blood during breathing. Additionally, a waste gas called carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs where it is expelled.
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Please answer question
_______ are the form that human needs take as they are shaped by personality, culture, and buying situation.
Answer:
Social Needs . are the form of human needs take as shaped by culture & individual personality.
Explanation:
hope it helps
This pair of molecules are _____. Two ball-and-stick models of molecules. The first molecule consists of five black balls, which form a cyclical structure. Each black ball has two white balls attached. The second molecule has a chain of five black balls connected successively. Each of the two black balls, which are at the ends of the chain, has three white balls attached. Each of the three other black balls has two white balls attached.
Answer:
This pair of molecules are cyclopentane and pentane.
Explanation:
The white balls represent hydrogen atoms while the black balls constitute carbon atoms both for configurations. While each hydrogen atom can only really attach to just one other atom, each carbon atom can connect to 4 other atoms. The first one, therefore, therefore consists of a cycle comprising 5 carbon atoms, each of which is linked to 2 additional carbon atoms as well as to 2 hydrogen atoms. This substance is known as cyclopentane.
Because the balls are joined one after another, the next one is just a linear molecule. It has 3 hydrogen atoms connected to the terminals of two carbon atoms plus 2 hydrogens bonded to each of the 3 separate carbons. The name of such a molecule is pentane.
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Select the correct answer. jane is interested in studying how physical aspects of the environment interact with the environment’s chemical processes. which discipline will help jane pursue her interest? a. social sciences b. human health sciences c. mathematics d. natural sciences
"Jane is interested in studying how physical aspects of the environment interact with the environment€™s chemical processes. which discipline will help jane pursue her interest" is Natural sciences.
Briefing:Natural science is concerned with the numerous branches of study that are involved in figuring out the origins of natural occurrences, including physics, chemistry, biology, and environmental science. Related to the study of natural phenomena by observation and experimentation.
An observable fact, event, or aspect that is known via the senses rather than through cognition or intuition is referred to as a phenomenon, plural. a noumenon is not a chronological or temporal object of sense stimuli.
Examples of phenomenon:Gravity, tides, moons, planets, volcanic lightning, starling swarms, ant armies, sandstorms, biological processes, and oscillation are a few examples of natural phenomena.
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Identify the statements that are true about the evolution of brain size in the genus homo.
The statement that is true about the evolution of brain size in the genus Homo is that the brain size has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.
The genus Homo comprises of present day humans, the Homo sapiens and also the extinct species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo Neanderthalensis.
The first human like being was Homo habilis. They had a brain size of 650-800 centimeter cube(cc).
The next stage in human evolution is Homo erectus who had a brain size of 900 cc.
The third stage was Homo neandarthalensis. Their brain capacity was about 1400 cc.
The final stage in the human evolution is Homo sapiens, the present day humans with a brain capacity of around 1300-1400 cc.
As it is evident from the above statements, the brain size of the genus Homo has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.
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When the body's digestive system breaks down starch, a complex carbohydrate, into simpler carbohydrates, the reaction is:________
The reaction is catabolic. Catabolism is a series of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Among complex carbohydrates, starch serves as the main glucose storage molecule in plants. A large number of different glucose monomers combine to form starch and are linked by glycosidic bonds. An example of a catabolic reaction that releases chemical energy is the breakdown of starch, a complex carbohydrate, by the body's digestive system into simpler carbohydrates. C. Catabolic, which causes the release of energy, is the correct response. The anabolic process is incorrect because an anabolic reaction involves the synthesis of less complex monomers into more complex monomers. Catabolic processes also lack the ability to store energy.Therefore, catabolic reaction is the correct answer.
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The regulation of ph by cells is accomplished primarily through? osmosis. bases. acids. the nucleus. buffers.
The regulation of pH by cells is accomplished primarily through osmosis (option A).
What is pH?pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It is measured on a scale of 1 - 14, with 7 being the neutral pH.
Our bodies live and die at a cellular level and the cells must maintain acidity or alkalinity in order to function and stay alive.
The regulation of pH in the internal environment of the cell is achieved through the actions of sodium-hydrogen (Na+–H+) ion exchangers and other pumps.
These aforementioned sensors can permit hydrogen ions to pass through the cell membrane, hence, the pH is interrelated with extracellular pH in this respect.
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Question 3 switch on your light source. make sure it is shining on to a wall. hold your largest plastic shopping bag square between the light source and the wall. what do you observe?
At first, we probably can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object.
What is shadow?
When an opaque item blocks light from a light source, it creates a shadow, which is a dark region. It spreads up into the entire three-dimensional space behind a light-emitting device. A shadow's cross section can be thought of as a backward projection of the item that is obstructing the light in 2-D.
We can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light because light moves in a straight line, the object could not obstruct the light coming from its source because it was not in the direct path of the light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object because the black shadow on the wall was produced when an opaque object was able to obstruct the light coming from the light source.
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The ratio of density of a mineral to that of freshwater is called the mineral's ______.
Relative density is the ratio of density of a mineral to the density of freshwater.
What is density?
The substance's mass per unit of volume is known as its density (or specific mass). Density is most frequently represented by the symbol ρ (the lower-case Greek letter rho). Its unit is kg/m³
Relative density is the ratio of density of a mineral to the density of freshwater. It's a dimensionless and unitless constant. It depends on the material.
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During the fasting state, the energy stores of the ________ become the major source of glucose for the whole body.
Answer:liver
Explanation:the glycogen is stored in the liver that is used during the fasting stage.
During the fasting state, the energy stores of the glycogen in liver become the major source of glucose for the whole body.
Where is glucose stored in the body?Glycogen, the human body's multibranched polysaccharide of glucose, is where most of the glucose is stored, primarily in the liver and skeletal muscle.
The liver secretes glucose during fasting by breaking down glycogen and creating glucose. Hepatic gluconeogenesis is the primary source of endogenous glucose production during prolonged fasting.
Through gluconeogenesis, the liver supplies the body with glucose when it is starved: generating glucose from amino acids and lactate.
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Because of the high temperature _____ step during a pcr reaction, the dna polymerase from _____ is used.
Because of the high temperature DNA melting step during a PCR reaction, the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used.
DNA melting is the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds present between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA, in order to separate the strands. In PCR, this step requires a temperature of around 72⁰C. This process can also be called the DNA denaturation.
PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is the process of making millions of copies of a DNA in short period of time. This can take in following steps: (1) DNA melting, where the two strands of DNA are separated, (2) Primer annealing, where the primers bond to the exposed DNA strands, and (3) extension, where the further dNTPs attach to the strands to make copies of the DNA.
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Under anaerobic conditions, how do cells regenerate atp?
a) fermentation aerobic
b) respiration glycolysis, & creatine phosphate
c) pathway creatine
d) phosphate pathway
Option B: Under anaerobic conditions, cells generate ATP through anaerobic glycolysis and creatine phosphate.
Our body produces ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. ATP is used in various functions and gets hydrolyzed into ADP and inorganic phosphate. But during intense exercises like sprinting, our body becomes unable to produce sufficient ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
In this condition, creatine phosphate is used to regenerate ATP molecules for a short time. Creatine phosphate, when short of oxygen, transfers high-energy phosphate to ADP. ADP then gets transformed into ATP and produces creatine out of the reaction.
Another mechanism to produce ATP when short of oxygen is through anaerobic glycolysis. In this method, glucose is converted to lactate. This is a faster mechanism that produces 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule. The energy produced through oxidative phosphorylation is 100 times slower than anaerobic glycolysis.
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The client taking a cns stimulant reports insomnia. the best option for the nurse in this case is to do which?
The answer to the question is to Give the medication earlier in the day.
What is insomnia?A sleep disorder called insomnia affects your ability to fall and/or stay asleep.
The condition may be acute and short-lived or chronic and long-lived. It might even come and go.
From one night to a few weeks, acute insomnia lasts. When insomnia occurs three or more nights a week for three months or longer, it is considered chronic.
Avoid taking over-the-counter sleeping aids if you have insomnia. They could cause side effects, and they frequently become less effective with time.
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