(D) in highly diverged lineages, substitutions will occur at sites that have been substituted previously is the reason why the molecular clock has limited usefulness for estimating divergence times among species in part due to the saturation of dna sequences.
The number of modifications or mutations that have taken place in a lineage of organisms' DNA or protein sequences is represented by the frequency of a molecular clock. It can be used to determine roughly when two lineages split apart historically.
However, in highly diverse lineages, alterations could take place more more once for a specific spot (i.e., those lineages that were divided extremely far back in evolutionary time). Therefore, it won't be helpful for estimating divergence times among species, in part due to the saturation of DNA sequences.
Here is another question with an answer similar to this about molecular clocks: https://brainly.com/question/8597562
#SPJ4
Question correction:
The molecular clock has limited usefulness for estimating divergence times among species in part due to the saturation of DNA sequences. This occurs because
A. DNA sequences are unable to revert back to previous allelic states.
B. the variation in the substitution rate between closely related lineages prevents accurate estimation of divergence time.
C. variation in population sizes among lineages changes the effect of genetic drift.
D. in highly diverged lineages, substitutions will occur at sites that have been substituted previously.
Determine fluid movement when hydrostatic pressure exceeds colloid osmotic pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary?
Water pushes the capillary by filitration. The internet strain that drives reabsorption is the motion of fluid from the interstitial fluid lower back into the capillarie which is known as osmotic strain ,every now and then called osmotic strain.
The hydrostatic stress of the blood forces fluid the arteriolar ends of capillaries into the interstitial areas of the tissues . that of tissue fluid, water returns via way of means of osmosis to the venular stop of capillaries .
The hydrostatic strain is extra than the osmotic strain, so the internet motion favors water and different solutes being handed into the tissue fluid. At the venous end, the osmotic strain is extra, so the internet motion favors materials being handed lower back into the capillary.
To learn more about hydrostatic stress here
https://brainly.com/question/12977490
#SPJ4
If a case of anorexia nervosa has neared a medical crisis, the first step in treatment is to?
If a case of anorexia nervosa has neared a medical crisis, the first step in treatment is to restore adequate body weight.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which a person has a fear of being overweight and thus avoids eating as much as possible. He is very concerned about his body shape and weight. He tries unhealthy routines to acquire a perfect body shape or indulges in unhealthy practices like vomiting after eating.
Anorexia nervosa can be diagnosed by oneself. Various symptoms associated with anorexia nervosa include fatigue, underweight, insomnia, abnormal blood count, excessive hair fall, etc. It can take over your life if not treated in time. Treatment may help you develop a better sense of your personality and can return to your normal diet to keep you healthy.
Younger people are more at risk. they become self-obsessed with their thin body shape and avoid treatment. This could be quite life-threatening. It can even affect your health and cause many problems like kidney disorders, heart disorders, low bone density, muscle loss, etc.
To know more about anorexia nervosa, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/2239275
#SPJ4
A plant of genotype ccdd is crossed to ccdd and the f1 is testcrossed to ccdd. if the genes are unlinked, what percentage of ccdd recombinants will result?
A plant of genotype ccdd is crossed to ccdd and the f1 is testcrossed to ccdd. if the genes are unlinked, what percentage of ccdd recombinants will result in 0.20255075%
What is Genotype?An organism's genotype is made up of all of its genetic components. The alleles or variations that a person holds in a specific gene or genetic region are also referred to as the genotype.
The amount of copies of each chromosomes found in that species, also known as ploidy, determines how many alleles a person can have for a certain gene. In diploid organisms like humans, there are two complete sets of chromosomes, which means that each person has two different alleles for each gene. Homozygous refers to a genotype where both alleles are the same. Heterozygous refers to a genotype when there are two distinct alleles.
Phenotype, the observable qualities and attributes of an individual or creature, is influenced by genotype.
Learn more about genotype with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/5296920
#SPJ4
HELP ME ASP I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLEST AND MORE POINTS HELP ASPPP
(6) The two true statements which describe the mass of an atom's subatomic particles are:-
An electron has a mass of 1/2000 amu (atomic mass unit).A neutron and a proton each have a mass of 1 amu.(7) The three true statements are:-
A neutral atom has the same number of electrons and protons.The building blocks of all matter are atoms.Stuff that takes up space and has mass is known as matter.Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles, i.e. protons, neutrons as well as electrons. Protons are positively charged particles, neutrons are electrically neutral particles whereas, electrons are negatively charged particles.
To learn more about electron here
https://brainly.com/question/1255220
#SPJ1
What is the general function of enzymes within a cell?
a. to promote the synthesis of monomers
b. to induce chemical reactions
c. to stop chemical reactions
d. to speed up chemical reactions
record the growth of the organisms over another ten-week period, this time in
water that averaged 25°C
After recording the growth of the organisms over another ten-week period, this time in water that averaged 25°C the temperature of the medium causes the growth graph to fluctuate up and down.
The line climbs upward due to the existence of the optimal temperature for the growth of that organism, which grows best in the temperature range of 15°C to 25°C.
The graph swings downward because the water temperature is unsuitable for the growth of that organism, which grows best in the temperature range of 5°C to 15°C.
We can infer that the growth rate changes owing to water temperature as the organism grows best in the 25°C to 35°C temperature range and the graph swings downward because the water temperature is not conducive to its growth.
To learn more about temperature visit: https://brainly.com/question/15267055
#SPJ9
The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as:__________
The general term for the cell process in which the membrane invaginates, forming vesicles that bring extracellular particles or droplets of fluid into the cell, is known as endoocytosis.
What is endocytosis?Endocytosis is a cellular process whereby external substances are engulfed by cells. The substances are then gathered into special membranous vesicles and maybe later digested or transferred into the cytoplasm.
Endocytosis may happen in two ways:
PinocytosisPhagocytosisWhile pinocytosis has to do with the ingestion of liquid particles, phagocytosis has to do with the ingestion of relatively large solid particles such as bacteria and protozoans.
Either way, the two methods represent a way by which substances can be transported into the cell by engulfing.
More on endocytosis can be found here: https://brainly.com/question/26500494
#SPJ1
Epigenetics examines gene expression and how those with identical genes may have different.
Answer:
The field of epigenetics investigates how environmental factors and behaviour may alter how your genes function. While epigenetic mechanisms can alter how the body interprets a DNA sequence, these are reversible and never alter the DNA sequence as genetic changes do.
Identical twins provide excellent research subjects for examining the impact of epigenetic mechanisms, modifications to the DNA that regulate gene expression rather than the DNA sequence itself.
Even though twins are epigenetically impossible to distinguish in the first few years of life, we discovered that the older monozygous twins showed impressive differences in the quantities and dispersion of 5-methylcytosine DNA as well as histone acetylation in there own genomes, which had an impact on their gene-expression profile.
You can learn more from the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/25780279
#SPJ4
Two evolutionary processes that may produce a cline in a human allele or trait are?
Two evolutionary processes that may produce a cline in a human allele or trait are gene flow and genetic drift.
What is genetic Drift?
Genetic drift is the arbitrary change in the population's frequency of a gene variant that already exists. Gene variations may totally vanish due to genetic drift, which would limit genetic diversity. Additionally, it can make previously uncommon alleles far more common and even fixed.
What is gene flow?
The phrase "gene flow" refers to the processes through which genes are transferred from one group to another. Gene flow in anthropology more broadly refers to allelic change brought on by people moving from one place to another.
Hence, in both the cases the allelic frequency is changed and thus with the mutation and natural selection new clines can be formed.
To learn more about genetic drift visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/12086252?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
There are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. these three swellings eventually develop into the adult:__________
There are three swellings that occur at the anterior end of a fluid-filled tube in the developing embryo. These three swellings eventually develop into the adult forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
What is brain?Brain is defined as an important organ of body which controls all the functions of the body and have command on all the body organs.
The outermost part of brain is known as dura mater which consist of a strong membrane layering and it is thick located just beneath the skull and vertebral column. The outermost part or cerebrum has billions of neurons and glia that are responsible for the formation of cerebral cortex, the outermost part.
Whenever body stuck in a dangerous situation, the signal in the form of information is conveyed to brain and the particular part that receives the signal is known as amygdala.
Therefore, These three swellings eventually develop into the adult forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain.
Learn more about brain here:
https://brainly.com/question/11950231
#SPJ4
What term describes the number of plant and animal species present along with the variety of genetic material present in these organisms?
The term "biodiversity" refers to both the variety of genetic material present in these organisms as well as the number of plant and animal species that exist.
What is biodiversity and examples?The diversity of ecosystems, measured by their type and population, in which living things interact with one another and their surroundings is referred to as ecosystem biodiversity. For instance, the Earth has a variety of ecosystems, each with its own unique characteristics, such as deserts, oceans, lakes, plains, and forests.
The diversity of genes present in the living world is referred to as genetic diversity. Various genes and gene expressions exist between and within different species. Additionally, this genetic diversity leads to the diversity of life forms, their physical and biological traits, and, in some cases, phenotypes, depending on how those traits interact with their environment.
To learn more about biodiversity, visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2536828
#SPJ4
Moving from superficial to deep in a bone, the parts of the bone would be encountered in which sequence?
Moving from superficial to deep in a bone, the parts of the bone that would be encountered in a sequence periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity.
What are the functions of the bones?The functions of the bones are as follows:
They provide shape and support for the body.It also protects some organs of the body.Bone serves as a storage site for minerals.Production of blood cells. They store ions and maintain endocrine regulations.While moving from the outside to the inside of the bones, we undergo numerous layers of the bones like the periosteum which is the dense, tough, outer shell that contains blood vessels and nerves.
Endosteum is the compact layer of tissues that is hard and surrounded by the smooth layer that protects the tissues. The medullary cavity is also known as cancellous tissue which is porous and honeycombed material inside the bones.
Therefore, the sequence of the bone parts from superficial to deep is the periosteum, endosteum, and medullary cavity.
To learn more about Parts of the bones, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/11401217
#SPJ4
Most cells are relatively small for reasons related to the of substances into and out of cells. True or false?.
It is True to say that most cells are tiny due to the diffusion of chemicals into and out of cells.
What three forms of diffusion are there?Simple diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area.
The moving components in osmosis are water molecules. Through a semi-permeable barrier, they travel from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration.
The passage of hydrophilic ions or molecules over the plasma membrane is known as facilitated diffusion. The distinction is that transport proteins enhance the diffusion.
To learn more about diffusion , visit
https://brainly.com/question/18324131
#SPJ4
The concave surface of the ulna that wraps around the trochlea of the humerus is the?
The olecranon fossa, which is located above the trochlea of the humeral condyle on the central aspect of the posterior humerus, enables the humerus to accept the olecranon of the ulna when it is extended. The trochlea notch, which is shaped like a C, is carved out of the olecranon, which is the proximal end of the ulna.
The ulna and humerus where they articulate?Elbow
The diaphysis, a long bony shaft with hyaline cartilage caps at either end, is how the ulna initially appears at birth. The distal epiphysis, a small bony cap that forms on the end of the hyaline by the wrist around age 4, starts to ossify around this time.
On the back of the humerus, above the trochlea, is the olecranon fossa, a deep triangular depression. When the forearm is extended, it gives the olecranon of the ulna room to move. lecranon fossa
To learn more about olecranon fossa visit:
https://brainly.com/question/13698348
#SPJ4
The cell theory includes different tenets to explain the organization of life. what principles comprise the cell theory? check all that apply.
The principles that comprise the cell theory are:
(i) All living organisms are composed of cells and products of the cells.
(ii) All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a botanist, did research on plants and discovered that all plants are made of cells.
At around the same time, Theodore Schwann, a zoologist , studied different types of animal cells and concluded that they are also composed of cells.
Schleiden and Schwann together gave the cell theory.
But a major drawback of this theory was that it could not explain how new cells are formed.
Rudolf Virchow, on careful analysis, observed that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells( Omnis cellula-e cellula).
Virchow gave the final shape to the cell theory based on the following points:
All living organisms are composed of cells and products of cells.
All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
To know more about "cell theory", refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/1468725?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
The hormone primarily responsible for contraction of the gallbladder and release of bile into the duodenum is?
The hormone primarily responsible for the contraction of the gallbladder and the release of bile into the duodenum is cholecystokinin.
Cholecystokinin also called pancreozymins is produced in the duodenum which is a part of the small intestine by the cells known as enteroendocrine cells and its secretion is stimulated by the introduction of fatty acids and amino acids. This hormone is involved in the process of digestion.
Cholecystokinin causes the contraction of the gallbladder which then releases bile and enzymes into the small intestine. Bile salts and other enzymes are involved in the breakdown of fats and proteins so that they can be absorbed in the small intestine. During the digestion process, this hormone also slows down gastric emptying and controls bowel motility.
To learn more about cholecystokinin, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/28162539
#SPJ4
Carbohydrates help to spare __________ during exercise?
a) fat
b) protein
c) minerals
d) water
Carbohydrates help to spare fat during exercise.
What is function of carbohydrate?
Carbohydrates provide the body with glucose, which is converted to energy used to support bodily functions and physical activity.
Complex carbohydrates are an efficient source of energy that fuels muscle contractions.
The main source of energy during exercise comes from carbohydrate and fats.
Carbohydrates being the major source of energy during exercise helps to spare fat.
Thus, carbohydrates help to spare fat during exercise.
Learn more about carbohydrates here: https://brainly.com/question/797978
#SPJ1
viruses are specific to a particular host due to their , which is composed of subunits, or the , which is formed from glycoprotein.
Viruses are specific to a particular host due to their capsid, which is composed of protein subunits, or the spike, which is formed from glycoprotein.
Capsid is the coat the encloses the genetic material. The capsid if made up of protein subunits. These subunits are repetitive in nature and are called protomers. The capsid not only protects the genetic material of the virus, but also aids in its transport to the host cell.
Spike proteins are actually glycoproteins that may occur in the dimeric or trimeric form. One single spike protein is referred to as peplomer. The major role of the spike protein is to help the virus enter into the host cell.
To know more about capsid, here
brainly.com/question/9904864
#SPJ4
If a joint is enclosed in a tough connective tissue articular capsule and if it contains a joint cavity, it is classified as:______
If a joint is enclosed in a tough connective tissue articular capsule and if it contains a joint cavity, it is classified as a synovial joint.
What is a Joint?
This is defined as an area where two or more bones and contains different connective structures such as cartilages which help reduces the friction which occur during the movement of body parts.
Joint is classified into different categories and one of them is the synovial joint which is characterized by a tough connective tissue articular capsule which contains a joint cavity.
They are also mostly found in the joints of the limb such as the shoulders and hips and offers greater flexibility.
Read more about Synovial joint here https://brainly.com/question/1464638
#SPJ1
Is it possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin?
No
It is not possible to disrupt the structure of skin cells without disrupting the structure of the skin.
The meaning of skin structure:The epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer are its three primary layers. The epidermis is an elastic outer layer that regenerates continuously. The primary cells of the epidermis, created through cell division at its base, are keratinocytes.How are skin cells harmed?When the skin is harmed by extreme heat, radiation, electricity, or chemicals, a burn occurs. Skin cells die as a result of the damage, which can cause a significant loss of fluid. Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, renal failure, and circulatory failure come next, all of which are potentially lethal.How does a skin cell's structure impact how it works?These cells' structure allows a new stratum granulosum barrier of three-way tight junction connections to develop between them and the surrounding cells.To learn more about skin cells visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14119604
#SPJ4
Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain are known as?
Inorganic elements that are extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain are known a Minerals.
Minerals are inorganic compounds that make up the majority of the soil solution; among those needed by plants for structure and control are nitrogen (N) and potassium (K).Plants nevertheless need inorganic salts, which they take up from the soil around their roots. These salts contain the elements phosphorus (in the form of phosphate), chlorine (as the chloride ion), potassium, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, boron, copper, and zinc.Group of creatures arranged from producers to consumers in the food chain, as well as prey, predators, scavengers, and decomposers. food chain. noun. each connected food chain within an ecosystem. Likewise known as a feeding cycle.To learn more about Minerals.
brainly.com/question/18078524
#SPJ4
I can't really understand what the experiment would be, so I can't think of a hypothesis.
The experiment that is to be conducted is intended to verify and test the widely accepted hypothesis that maggots appear spontaneously in decaying meat. Additionally, you should record each and every step you take during this experiment.
The following is the theory or hypothesis : Fly larvae are referred to as maggots. They feed on meat because females place their eggs in materials that give food for the hatched maggots. Many fly species prefer meat as a source of maggot feeding. Modern meat processing and packaging follow strict health code guidelines. Until it is time to make it, it is stored frozen or chilled and is packaged in plastic. Meat exposed to the air at room temperature, however, might draw female flies looking for a spot to deposit their eggs which leads to maggots. Fly eggs can easily hatch on leftover meat scraps causing maggots that aren't wrapped in plastic or placed inside of a bag.
Learn more about maggots https://brainly.com/question/17540058
#SPJ9
All living things require an outside source of materials and energy. the sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell to provide these materials and energy is called?
All living things require an outside source of materials and energy. The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell to provide these materials and energy is called metabolism.
Energy is the ability to perform work. In an organism's body energy is required to perform each and every processes inside the body. In eukaryotic organisms this energy is derived by the mitochondria. In humans and various other species, the major source of energy is ATP.
Metabolism is the sum total of all the reactions taking place inside the body. These reactions can be anabolic or catabolic. The anabolic reaction involve the formation of larger molecules from the smaller ones. The catabolic reactions involve the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones.
To know more about metabolism, here
brainly.com/question/4707439
#SPJ4
The pharmacokinetic measurement of plasma volume that is completely cleared of a drug per unit of time is termed?
The pharmacokinetic measurement of plasma volume that is completely cleared of a drug per unit of time is termed as drug clearance.
Pharmacokinetics is defined as the study of the effect of any administered substance like drug or any form of medication into the body. There are four steps for the pharmacokinetics: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Plasma is the fluid present in the blood. It is a colorless liquid consisting of various proteins, fats and other substances. It makes up about 55% of blood's volume. It is the means of transport for the body. Plasma also consists of various immune cells.
To know more about pharmacokinetics, here
brainly.com/question/13355142
#SPJ4
On easter island, the most isolated piece of inhabited land in the world, the loss of timber due to the cutting down of trees by humans resulted in?
All of the above ( termination of stone carving around AD 1680, cessation of canoe manufacture, soil erosion, lower crop yields.)
What are the effects of deforestation?For indigenous people, losing trees and other vegetation can result in a number of problems, such as climate change, desertification, soil erosion, less harvests, flooding, and an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.What impact does tree removal have on the soil?Due to the loss of trees, whose roots anchor the soil, soil erosion is a prevalent issue.Good soils are few, and once they have been stripped away by the frequent, heavy rains, they are quickly washed away.How does the cutting down of trees affect global warming?Carbon is stored in plants and forests. When they are damaged or completely destroyed, for example by fire - a process known as deforestation - this stored carbon has the potential to be released back by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, which changes the climate.To learn more about deforestation visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1954170
#SPJ4
The links of all the interconnected pathways of energy and mater flowing through a community is called a?
The links of all the interconnected pathways of energy and matter flowing through a community is called a food web.
Energy is the fuel that any living organism uses to carry out its life processes. All the body functions require energy to be accomplished. Most organisms uses energy in the form of ATP. This energy is formed inside the body by the breakdown of the ingested food.
Food web is the interconnection of all the food chains in the environment. A single organism can be the part of multiple food chains in an ecosystem. Hence there are no fixed trophic levels of any organism in a food web. A food chain is of linear direction, but a food web gas a zig-zag pattern.
To know more about food web, here
brainly.com/question/2233704
#SPJ4
Which factor is most instrumental to the optimal health and performance of the digestive system?
Adequate sleep is most instrumental to the optimal health and performance of the digestive system.
How sleep affect digestive system ?Stress that affects the intestines can increase as a result of lack of sleep.
Bloating, inflammation, stomach pains, food allergies, and alterations to the gut flora are just a few of the problems that can result from this.
Digestive system :The digestive system is made up of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Salivary glands, the liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas are also included since they produce digestive juices and enzymes that aid the body in breaking down food and liquids.
To know more about pancreas visit :
https://brainly.com/question/817041
#SPJ4
Which membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton?.
Peripheral membrane protein is not integral to the plasma membrane and is often attached to the cytoskeleton.
What does cytoskeleton mean?The cytoskeleton is a framework that aids in maintaining the internal order and shape of cells. Additionally, it provides mechanical support, enabling cells to carry out essential functions including division and motility.. There isn't just one cytoskeletal element.
What three types of cytoskeletons are there?Actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are the three main types of filaments that make up the cytoskeleton.
What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?The cytoskeleton is present throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and regulates a variety of significant processes. It provides the cell with support and aids in maintaining its form. The cytoskeleton holds a variety of cellular organelles in place. It promotes the development of vacuoles.
To know more about Cytoskeleton visit:
https://brainly.com/question/15200286
#SPJ4
Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?.
This type of evolution is known as Microevolution.
What is the meaning of evolution?Evolution is the descent modification of preexisting species. It is a process species adapt over time. There are two types of evolution: Microevolution and macroevolution.
Microevolution is defined as the changes in the frequency of the gene in the population. Several factors affect evolution geneflow, including natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift.
Pesticide resistance is one example of macroevolution. Microevolution is frequently seen in visible forms of evolution, such as antibiotic-resistant variable strains. Microevolution is the change in gene frequency that occur over time. Alleles are different forms of a gene. Allele frequencies are usually represented as a percentage.
This type of evolution is known as Microevolution.
To learn more about microevolution, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/8318826?
#SPJ4
Mitochondria are essentially the same in all eukaryotes, including plants, animals, and fungi. based on this observation, how were mitochondria most likely acquired?
Mitochondria are postulated to have been primarily acquired via endosymbiosis.
What is endosymbiosis?Endosymbiosis is a process in which the association of a symbiont within a host organism occurs, it had been postulated that the eukaryotic cell as it is known was due to the association of several organisms within oneself and that each of these contributed abilities differentiated within the cell, and this is how organelles such as mitochondria or chloroplasts were then obtained. This postulate is known as the endosymbiotic origin theory of eukaryotes.
Thanks to endosymbiosis, the eukaryotic cell as we know it can carry out processes such as cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
The reasons why it is believed that the mitochondria come from the process of endosymbiosis is that it has its own DNA that is different from the nuclear DNA, showing that it has a different origin from the rest of the cell and also that it has its own replication material, which is different from other cells.
Therefore, we can confirm that mitochondria are postulated to have been primarily acquired via endosymbiosis.
To learn more about endosymbiosis visit: https://brainly.com/question/14930259
#SPJ1
