plants and animals go through the process of Cellular Respiration to use stored energy.
They employ photosynthesis to convert water, sunshine, and CO2 into oxygen and simple sugars that the plant may use as fuel. Animals must seek or gather food to obtain the energy they require, but plants may produce their own food utilizing light energy from the sun.
This process is known as photosynthesis, and it occurs in chloroplasts, which are microscopic green structures found in the green sections of plants. Plants are autotrophs; they obtain energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis, which is carried out by cell organelles known as chloroplasts. Animal cells lack chloroplasts.
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What type of cell function does microvilli indicate?
Microvilli works on the epithelial cells surface as lining the intestine helps in increasing the cell's surface area and thus helps in the absorption of ingested food and water molecules.
Microvilli was generally believed as a structure of passive scaffolds which increases the surface area of the gut wall. In the portion of apical plasma membrane it tightly wraps around bundle of actin, by creating more space for nutrient processing and absorption.
When viewed from microscopic microvilli successfully increase the surface area of the cell helps in absorption and secretion functions. In the intestine, their primary function is conjunction with villi and increasing surface area .
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what is the founder effect? a. sampling error that occurs during the establishment of a new population by a small number of migrants. b. strong natural selection acting on the founders of a new population because the environment they are now living in is so different from the environment they came from. c. a phenomenon named after william founder, who observed that top predators generally have low genetic diversity. d. rapid population growth following a bottleneck.
(a) sampling error that occurs during the establishment of a new population by a small number of migrants.
The founder effect is a type of random evolution that modifies the allelic frequency in a population. This results from sampling mistake when some individuals from an existing population split themselves and form their own population. Therefore, an is the appropriate choice.
what is founder effects?The founder effect, which occurs when a new population is founded by a very small number of people from a larger population, is referred to in population genetics as the loss of genetic variety. Ernst Mayr provided the first comprehensive explanation of it in 1942, drawing on earlier theoretical work by people like Sewall Wright.
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1. What impact has the invasive species had on the native ecosystem? If there has not been an impact seen yet, what do you think could be a potential impact?
A variety of variables will affect how a non-native or invasive species affects an ecosystem.
Impact on ecosystem It's possible that the imported species won't survive in some cases. At the local level, it is likely that a species will become extinct relatively fast if it cannot adapt to a new ecological niche or if there is no ecological niche for it to occupy in the first place.However, a species' chances of success increase if it is a generalist, or one that can survive in a variety of habitats and eat a wide variety of foods. If the ecosystem has reached its steady state, an indigenous species will need to be replaced by the invasive one. Two species cannot occupy the same ecological niche at the same time, hence only one will survive.For more information on invasive species kindly visit to
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lyrissa lives in africa. she is 9 months old and does not weigh enough because of malnutrition. her tissues are wasting away. lyrissa suffers from . rickets hypoglycemia kwashiorkor marasmus
Lyrissa's age and physical condition suggests that she may be suffering from marasmus.
Marasmus is a severe form of malnutrition caused by a lack of protein and calories, forcing the body to break down its own tissues for energy. This causes muscle and fat tissue atrophy, as well as a significant fall in body weight.
Rickets is a disorder caused by a lack of vitamin D that produces weak bones, whereas hypoglycemia is defined as low blood sugar levels. Kwashiorkor is a kind of severe malnutrition, but it is distinguished by a distinct set of symptoms, including edoema, skin and hair abnormalities, and liver damage, which are not addressed in the available material.
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in appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix. true/flase
Answer: FALSE
Explanation:
summarize the difference you observed between the model of the white eyed fly's dna sequence and the model of the red eyed fly's dna sequence.
The main difference observed between the DNA sequence models of white-eyed and red-eyed flies is a mutation in the gene responsible for eye color.
What is white eyed flies?
White-eyed flies are flies with white eyes, typically the result of a mutation. These flies are often used in research studies to learn more about genetics, behavior, and development. White-eyed flies are also used in genetic engineering and transgenic studies.
The main difference between the model of the white eyed fly's DNA sequence and the model of the red eyed fly's DNA sequence is that the white eyed fly's DNA sequence contained a mutation in a gene called White, which is responsible for the white eye color trait. The red eyed fly's DNA sequence did not have this mutation, resulting in the fly having red eyes. The mutation responsible for the white-eyed phenotype was caused by a change in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence, which resulted in a non-functional protein that could not produce the red pigments necessary for the coloration of the eyes.
Therefore, the difference is due to mutation in the gene responsible for eye color.
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you are trying to separate five proteins, which are listed below, by gel filtration chromatography. which protein will elute first from the column? group of answer choices interferon-gamma (34 kda) glutamine synthetase (621 kda) cytochrome c (12 kda) rna polymerase (99 kda) hemoglobin (62 kda)
The protein that elutes first from the column is the one with the smallest molecular weight, which is cytochrome c with a molecular weight of 12 kDa.
Cytochrome c is a small protein that plays a crucial role in the electron transport chain and is widely used as a standard in gel filtration chromatography due to its well-characterized properties.
The next protein to elute from the column is interferon-gamma, which has a molecular weight of 34 kDa. Interferon-gamma is a cytokine that plays a critical role in the immune response to viral and bacterial infections.
The third protein to elute from the column is hemoglobin, which has a molecular weight of 62 kDa. Hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in the blood and is composed of four subunits, each with a molecular weight of approximately 16 kDa.
The fourth protein to elute from the column is RNA polymerase, which has a molecular weight of 99 kDa. RNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of RNA from DNA and is essential for gene expression.
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the collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human ______.
The collection of microorganisms that live on or on a human host in a mutually beneficial way is called the human microbiome.
The assemblage of all microorganisms found on or in human tissues and biofluids, as well as the corresponding anatomical sites where they are found, such as the skin, mammary glands, seminal fluid, uterus, ovarian follicles, lung, saliva, oral mucosa, conjunctiva, biliary tract, and gastrointestinal tract, is known as the human microbiome. Bacteria, archaea, fungus, protists, and viruses are some of the several types of human microbiota. Micro-animals are often not included in this description, despite the fact that they can also exist on the human body. The collective genomes of the body's resident microorganisms are referred to as the human microbiome in the field of genomics.
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Hemoglobin is a protein that binds to oxygen. It is only produced by red blood cells and it allows blood to transport oxygen throughout the body.
What statement does this information best demonstrate?
A. Proteins with similar functions to those produced in humans can be found in other species.
B. Specialized cells that are grouped together and perform similar functions are called tissues.
C. Proteins in specialized cells are the result of the expression of particular genes.
D. The proteins produced by cells have structures that are related to their function.
according to walter b. cannon, homeostasis is a stable internal environment achieved through a system of:
According to Walter B. Cannon, homeostasis is a stable internal environment achieved through a system of physiological regulatory mechanisms.
Cannon defined homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment in the face of external perturbations, such as changes in temperature, hydration, or nutrient availability.
The physiological regulatory mechanisms involved in achieving homeostasis include a wide range of processes such as hormonal regulation, nervous system regulation, and cellular metabolic processes. These mechanisms work together to maintain the internal environment of the body within a narrow range of parameters that are necessary for optimal function.
Examples of homeostasis in action include the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose levels, and fluid balance. The body's ability to maintain homeostasis is essential for survival, and disruptions to these regulatory mechanisms can lead to disease and dysfunction.
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in flies, small wings are recessive to normal wings. if a cross between two flies produces 8 small-wing offspring and 28 normal-wing offspring, what are the most likely genotypes of the parents? (use s to represent the normal-wing allele and s to represent the short-wing allele.)
Ss and Ss are the parents' most likely genotypes. This would result in roughly a threefold increase in the number of small wing flies.
In flies, small (s) wings are recessive to normal (S) wings. Thus, normal wings can be inherited as SS or Ss, while small wings will be inherited as ss in the recessive condition.
A cross between two individuals will result in roughly three times as many small wings as the recessive allele that causes them.
two flies with heterozygosity
Ss x Ss
SS Ss Ss
3/4 1/4
Ss and Ss are the parents' most likely genotypes. This would result in roughly a threefold increase in the number of small wing flies.
Both 3/4 of 34 and 1/4 of 34 will roughly equal 26 and 8, respectively.
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True/false? water is the trigger for the embryo to begin the enzymatic breakdown of the starchy endosperm.
It is TRUE that the enzymatic degradation of the starchy endosperm in the embryo is set in motion by water.
The embryo and endosperm, two separate structures, begin to form in angiosperms as a result of a double fertilization event. By providing nutrition, safeguarding the embryo, and regulating embryo growth by functioning as a mechanical barrier throughout seed development and germination, the endosperm plays a crucial part in sustaining embryonic growth.
In the cereal endosperm, there are four primary cell types: the starchy endosperm, the aleurone layer, transfer cells, and the area around the embryo. Cereal grains' starchy endosperm, which provides nutrients for seed germination and seedling establishment, is the main tissue for accumulating seed reserves.
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which of the following is a function of telomerase? to protect dna polymerase. to help make okazaki fragments. to proofread during dna replication. to prevent cancer. to overcome telomere shortening.
It stops the shortening of telomeres. Telomerase is crucial for maintaining telomere length since decreased telomerase activity results in shorter telomeres and ageing cells.
The ribonucleo-protein telomerase, also known as terminal transferase, extends the 3' end of telomeres by introducing a species dependent on the telomere repeat sequence. Most eukaryotes which have telomeres, which are segments of repeating sequences, at each end of their to the chromosomes. Telomeres shield that the chromosomal end from DNA-deterioration or fusion with nearby chromosomes. Also, because it lacks the telomerase, the fruit fly which is Drosophila melanogaster depends on retrotransposons to preserve the telomeres.
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do you think a national health care plan should be established to provide coverage for all individuals? why or why not?
Answer:
no
Explanation:
Why bother with health insurance? Health insurance provides financial protection in case you have a serious accident or illness. For example, a broken leg can cost up to $7,500. Health coverage can help protect you from high, unexpected costs.
Saturated fats have all of the following characteristicsexcept:a. they are solid at room temperatureb. they have single bonds within the carbon chainc. they are usually obtained from animal sourcesd. they tend to dissolve in water easily
d. They frequently dissolve quickly in water. Except for this , all of the following traits apply to saturated fats.
Saturated fats are characterized by having single bonds within the carbon chain, which makes them relatively stable and solid at room temperature. They are typically obtained from animal sources, such as meat and dairy products, although some plant-based sources, such as coconut oil and palm oil, are also high in saturated fats. Saturated fats are known for their tendency to raise levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the bloodstream, which is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This is why experts generally recommend limiting the consumption of saturated fats in the diet and replacing them with unsaturated fats, which can have a more positive effect on blood lipid levels.
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What determines which cells act as targets for endocrine signals?
A) those cells that are derived from the same embryonic tissue as the endocrine organ
B) those with a high density of CAMs
C) those cells with receptors specific for the signaling molecule
D) those cells in the same area as the cells that release the hormone
Which cells serve as the targets for endocrine signals are determined by (b) those cells having receptors specific for the signalling chemical.
For a given hormone, "target" cells have receptors, which can be found inside the cell or on the cell membrane in the instance of lipid soluble hormones that can cross the membrane. Only the cells with the unique hormone receptors will react when exposed. It can refer to a cells on which hormones act in endocrinology. Because target cells have receptors that the circulation hormone can bind to, they can react to hormones. Because it has the hormone's receptors, a target cell reacts to the hormone. A male steroid hormone called testosterone can bind to a target cell's intracellular cytoplasmic receptor.
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the destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called___-Fibrinolysis.-Plasmin-Thrombus-Embolus
The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called Fibrinolysis.
The formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel is referred to as thrombosis. It hinders regular blood flow through the circulatory system. Thrombosis is a potentially fatal condition that can affect anyone of any age, race, gender, or ethnicity. The body's first line of defence against bleeding is blood clotting, often known as coagulation. When we injure ourselves, our coagulation system generates a "plug" or "seal" to keep us from bleeding too much. Our bodies usually break down the clot once we've healed, however clots might form incorrectly or fail to dissolve after an injury. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms and remains in a blood vessel.
Hence, The destruction of the fibrin of a blood clot is called Fibrinolysis.
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olds and milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the
To determine which region of the brain are responsible for rewards, Olds and Milner conducted experiments on rats. The reward area organizes interest in pleasurable stimuli, according to findings, is the hypothalamus.
What signs or symptoms point to a hypothalamic issue?Constipation, weariness, feeling always chilly, and weight gain are a few examples of symptoms. Low adrenal function symptoms might be present if the endocrine medulla become impacted. Fatigue, depression, poor appetite, fat loss, and a lack of enthusiasm in activities are only a few symptoms.
What occurs if the hypothalamus is hurt?But when the hypothalamus is injured, it is no longer precisely regulate your body temperature. As a result, you can get frequent hot or too cold flashes. Additional brain damage can result from a persistent rise in core body temperature.
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If the temperature is 40°F and the wind is blowing at 10 mph, what is the WET?
The WET when the temperature is 40°F and the wind is blowing at 10 mph is approximately 71.76°F.
What is the WET?The Wind Chill Equivalent Temperature (WET) is a measure of how the temperature feels to the human body when the effects of wind are taken into account.
The formula to calculate the WET takes into account both temperature and wind speed, and the result gives an estimate of the lowest temperature that a person would feel if exposed to those conditions.
WET = 35.74 + 0.6215 * T - 35.75 * V^0.16 + 0.4275 * T * V^0.16
where
T is the temperature in Fahrenheit and
V is the wind speed in miles per hour.
Plugging in the values from your question, we have:
WET = 35.74 + 0.6215 * 40 - 35.75 * 10^0.16 + 0.4275 * 40 * 10^0.16
WET = 35.74 + 24.86 - 7.72 + 17.88
WET = 71.76
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the first level of gene regulation occurs along the chromosome, through chemical modifications of the dna or histones. how do these chemical modifications cause changes in gene expression? select all that apply.
Option 4 is correct. The chemical changes to histone could change the structure of the chromatin and affect RNA polymerase's capacity to bind to DNA.
Enzymes that alter histone through chemical modification could be activated by the chemical treatment to DNA.
Epigenetic ("around genetics") regulation is the initial level of gene expression control. A relatively new but expanding area of biology is epigenetics. Gene changes under epigenetic control are transient and do not affect the DNA's nucleotide sequence. control of transcription (whether and how much a gene is transcribed into mRNA) translational management (whether and how much an mRNA is translated into protein) regulation of translation (whether the protein is in an active or inactive form, and whether the protein is stable or degraded)
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Complete Question-
The first level of gene regulation occurs along the chromosome, through chemical modifications of the DNA or histones. How do these chemical modifications cause changes in gene expression? Select all that apply
The chemical modification to histones could alter chromatin structure and affect the ability of RNA polymerase to bind to DNA The chemical modifications to DNA could activate enzymes that add chemical modifications to histones. The chemical modifications to DNA could prevent the removal of introns from the mRNAA and b b and cwhich of the body's systems directs and coordinates the interrelated activities of the gastrointestinal tract?
The Nervous system, especially the Enteric Nervous System (ENS), directs and coordinates the interrelated activities of the gastrointestinal tract.
The digestive system, often known as the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, is a complicated mechanism that breaks down food and absorbs nutrients from it. The mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are all part of this system. This system's flawless operation is critical for sustaining good health and optimal bodily function.
The nervous system is in charge of directing and coordinating the activity of the body's many systems and organs. The digestive system is no different. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a collection of millions of nerve cells found in the digestive tract's walls. This system is known as the "second brain" because it can function independently of the central nervous system (CNS) and regulates many processes of digestion.
Peristalsis is the passage of food and nutrients through the digestive tract controlled by the ENS. It also controls the release of digestive enzymes and hormones, which are required to break down food into smaller, more absorbable molecules. It also communicates with the Brain to control appetite and digestion.
The ENS may detect changes in the digestive system's environment, such as the presence of food, and transmit signals to the CNS to start the digestion process. It can also modify digestive system function in response to numerous circumstances such as stress, emotion, and inflammation.
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Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes – this makes it an excellent scaffolding tissue upon which to build bone. True or False?
Is it true because cartilage is a type of connective tissue that has a flexible matrix composed of collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and water.
This flexible matrix allows cartilage to withstand mechanical stress and provides a supportive and cushioning function in joints, the nose, the ears, and other parts of the body. Unlike most other connective tissues, cartilage is avascular and does not have direct blood supply. Therefore, it has a limited capacity for self-repair and regeneration.
However, chondrocytes, the only cell type found in cartilage, can undergo mitosis and produce new cartilage matrix. This makes cartilage an excellent tissue for use as a scaffold for bone formation, as it can be replaced by bone through the process of endochondral ossification.
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What organisms are considered super bugs because they are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics?
The ________ is the cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs.
The organelle in which photosynthesis occurs is called the chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells and some other eukaryotic organisms, such as algae.
The primary function of chloroplasts is to carry out photosynthesis, a process by which light energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy in the form of organic molecules, such as glucose. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy and converts it into chemical energy that can be used to drive photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts are unique organelles in that they have their own DNA and ribosomes, which allows them to carry out some of their own protein synthesis. This is thought to be a result of the endosymbiotic theory, which proposes that chloroplasts evolved from free-living photosynthetic bacteria that were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cells and eventually evolved into a symbiotic relationship with their host cell.
In summary, the chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs, and it is a crucial component of plant and algal cells.
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how many homunculi are present in the primary somatosensory cortex?
There are two homunculi present in the primary somatosensory cortex.
One homunculus represents the left side of the body and is located on the right side of the cortex, while the other homunculus represents the right side of the body and is located on the left side of the cortex.
These homunculi are content loaded how the brain processes sensory information from different parts of the body. Each homunculus is a distorted representation of the body, with larger areas of the cortex devoted to more sensitive parts of the body, such as the hands and face.
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11. URINE FORMATION:
Complete the table from the bar graphs with the components of urine and then answer the questions:
URINE
SWEAT
water
Mineral salts
Inorganic substances
a. Which of the 2 substances contains more water?
_______________
b. Which contains more mineral salts? __________
c. Which contains more inorganic substances? _______________
d. Do urine and sweat have the same function? ____
Explain the function of each of them:
12. The main mechanisms for regulating urinary elimination are those derived from the effects of hormones: ANTI-DIURETICS (ADH) and ALDOSTERONE.
1) Urine and sweat contain the same a amount of water
2) Sweat contains more mineral salts
3) Sweat contains more inorganic substances
4) The function of sweat is to cool the body and while the function of the urine is the removal of nitrogenous waste from the kidney
What is the water content of urine and sweat?
The water content of urine is typically between 95-99% water, with the remaining 1-5% consisting of various waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and electrolytes. The water content of urine can vary depending on an individual's hydration status, with more concentrated urine being produced when the body is dehydrated, and more dilute urine being produced when the body is well hydrated.
The water content of sweat is also typically between 95-99% water, with the remaining 1-5% consisting of various electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride. The amount of sweat produced by the body can vary greatly depending on physical activity, temperature, and hydration status, with more sweat being produced when the body is overheated or dehydrated.
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in appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
True. In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
In appositional growth, chondrocytes (cartilage cells) within the cartilage tissue divide and secrete new matrix to the outside of the existing cartilage, resulting in an increase in the size of the tissue. This type of growth allows for the expansion of cartilage in width or thickness, as opposed to interstitial growth, which is the growth of cartilage from within by cell division and matrix production.
Throughout the course of appositional growth, chondrocytes in the perichondrium, the cartilage's outer layer, divide and secrete a new matrix on the cartilage's surface. For the development and maintenance of bones, joints, and other tissues that depend on cartilage for support and mobility, this process results in an increase in cartilage thickness.
Other tissues, including bone, can also experience appositional development, which helps with bone remodeling and healing. On the surface of the existing bone tissue, the process in bone involves the activity of osteoblasts, cells in charge of forming a new bone matrix.
The complete question is:-
In appositional growth, chondrocytes within cartilage divide and secrete new matrix.
True or False
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Which of these is NOT true of the Kingdom Aveolata?
a. Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi.
b. Some member of this kingdom a free-living and covered with cilia.
c. Some members of this kingdom cause human diseases that require an insect vector.
d. Some members of this kingdom are an important component of the phytoplankton.
(a) Some members of this kingdom are decomposers, showing ecological convergence with the fungi is not true of the kingdom Aveolata .
Kingdom Alveolata comprises of the organisms which are eukaryotic. They are characterized by the presence of cortical alveoli, mitochondria with tubular cristae and the organisms may be free-living or parasitic. Their mode of nutrition is majorly autotrophic although some heterotrophic organisms are also present. Alveolates have mitochondria with tubular cristae (invaginations), and cells often have pore-like intrusions through the cell surface. The group contains free-living and parasitic organisms, predatory flagellates, and photosynthetic organisms.
Decomposers are the organisms which feed upon the organic material by the breaking down of dead organisms. These organisms are also known by the name detritivores. The examples are: fungi, insects, earthworms, and some bacteria.
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given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons in the human body, which type of neuron would you be least likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them?
Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons in the human body, it is likely that the type of neuron you would be least worried about losing 100,000 of would be interneurons.
What are neurons?Neurons are messengers of information. Between various brain regions and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system, information is transmitted using electrical impulses and chemical signals.
Interneurons, which link spinal motor and sensory neurons, are the intermediary cells. Interneurons can communicate with one another to construct circuits of varying complexity in addition to sending signals between sensory and motor neurons. Interneurons are the most abundant type of neuron in the human body and make up the majority of the neurons in the central nervous system.
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Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because Select one: a. the tendons are partially ossified at their attachment points to the periosteum. b. a circumferential lamella sandwiches the ends of the tendon onto the surface of an adjacent lamella. c. perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendons and periosteum to the cortical surfaces of bone. d. elastin fibers in the tendon can allow for stretching and recoil of the muscle.
Muscles are not likely to tear from their bones because perforating fibers of collagen attach the tendon and periosteum to the cortical surface of the bone. Option C is correct.
Tendons are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones, and they are designed to withstand the tension and stress generated by muscle contractions. The collagen fibers that make up tendons are arranged in a highly organized manner, providing strength and stability to the tendon.
Perforating fibers of collagen are bundles of collagen fibers that penetrate the periosteum, which is the dense connective tissue that covers the surface of bones. These fibers attach the tendon to the cortical surface of the bone, anchoring the muscle to the bone and providing a strong connection that resists tearing.
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