Pattern recognition receptors inform antigen-presenting cells direct CD4+ T cells to become TH2 helper cells, which activate the humoral immune response, and hence adaptive immunity is activated.
what are pattern recognition receptors?
These receptors are carefully positioned throughout the cell. They may detect intracellular invaders like viruses in the endosomes, recognize external infections like bacteria or fungi at the cell surface, and ultimately in the cytoplasm.
The proteins known as Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) can identify molecules frequently found in pathogens (referred to as Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns—PAMPs) or molecules released by damaged cells (referred to as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns—DAMPs).
To learn more about pattern recognition receptors visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/13554118?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
An example of a(n) ______ cross is the mating of two rats that both contain the alleles ff for fur color. this cross is made to examine which of two fur colors their offspring will have.
An example of a monohybrid cross is the mating of two rats that both contain the alleles ff for fur color.
What is a monohybrid cross?A monohybrid cross is a hybrid cross between two species that only have a difference of one gene.
In other words, a monohybrid cross is the hybrid of two individuals with homozygous genotypes which result in the opposite phenotype for a certain genetic trait.
According to this question, two rats that both contain the alleles ff for fur color are crossed. This shows that only one gene is involved, hence, cross involving only one gene is called monohybrid.
Note that, this is opposed to a dihybrid cross that involves two different gene locus.
Learn more about monohybrid cross at: https://brainly.com/question/15314052
#SPJ1
Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic _____.
Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic ribosomes.
What are ribosomes?An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell is said to be ribosomes.
The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Ribosomes was present both in plants cells and animal cells.
Some ribosomes, which are the protein manufacturing organelles in the cell, are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes are attached to the outside of the nucleus. Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic ribosomes.
Learn more about ribosomes,
brainly.com/question/241631
#SPJ1
1 Identify the tonicity of each cell.
2 Identify where the concentration is highest in each cell
3 Tell the rate of movement in each cell
4 Explain the factors that could be causing the changes in tonicity.
Please Help ASAP,
1) The first cell is in a hypertonic solution, the second cell is in isotonic solution while the third cell is in hypertonic solution.
2) The concentration is highest in the first cell.
3) There is movement of water out from the first cell, there is no net movement of water in the second cell and there is movement of water into the third cell.
4) Increase in solute concentration.
What is cell tonicity?Cell tonicity is defined as the effects of extracellular solution on the osmotic gradients that us formed against cells that are associated with them.
There are different types of cell tonicity which include the following:
Hypertonic solution: This is the solution that contains more solutes than the solvent of the solution leading to the movement of water from the cell to the outside extracellular solution. It causes shrinking of the cell.Isotonic solution: The net solute concentration of the extracellular solution is the same with the cells.Hypotonic solution: This is the solution that contains less solutes than the solvent of the solution leading to the movement of water from the extracellular solution into the cell. It causes swelling the cell.Learn more about cell here:
https://brainly.com/question/26122239
#SPJ1
Calculate the percentage ionization in these amino acid side chains at the ph values specified:
i. aspartate at ph 5.4
ii. glutamate at ph 11.8
iii. histidine at ph 8.0
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and pKa can be used to determine the % ionization if it is assumed that the amino and carboxyl groups are not preventing ionization.
aspartate at ph 5.4 = 98.3%glutamate at ph 11.8 = 100%histidine at ph 8.0 = 99%Henderson-Hasselbalch equation- Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation to determine the pH of a solution. Knowing the pH of a solution is particularly significant for many chemical processes as well as for biological systems. The estimated pH value of a buffer solution may be determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
pH- A solution's acidity or alkalinity may be determined based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, or pH. Typically, the pH scale runs from 0 to 14.
To know more about the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, click on the below link,
https://brainly.com/question/13423434
#SPJ4
In eukaryotes, which component is specific to the synthesis of only one type of protein?.
In eukaryotes, Messenger RNA is specific to the synthesis of only one type of protein.
Messenger RNA or also known as mRNA is a single stranded RNA molecule and it carries genetic information of DNA to convert into proteins. It is created when enzyme (RNA polymerase) converts the gene into primary transcript mRNA.
The genetic code taken by mRNA is first converted to amino acids which then is used to synthesize protein. Genetic information of DNA is stored in mRNA in the sequence of nucleotides which are then arranged into codons. Each Codon is specific for an amino acid but the stop codon is used to stop the protein synthesis.
If you need to learn more about messenger RNA, click here
https://brainly.com/question/13868647?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
PLEASE HELP!!
Your lunch consists of an orange, wheat crackers and a glass of milk. Which part of your
lunch will give you quick energy and which part will give you enough energy to get through
the rest of the day? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER
Answer:
oranges
Explanation:
Oranges are rich in vitamin C, folate, and potassium. When eaten, oranges, like apples, will provide you with sustained energy as opposed to a quick jolt. Additionally, fruits contain simple carbohydrates that your body easily breaks down into glucose to give you a quick boost of energy.
Which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population?
Genealogical method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population.The genealogical technique is a well-mounted technique in ethnography.
The technique owes its foundation from the ee-e book of British ethnographer W. H. R. Rivers titled "Kinship and Social Organisation" in 1911. Genealogical evaluation has confirmed a beneficial technique to recognize the origins and frequencies of hereditary sicknesses in lots of populations.
This sort of evaluation is primarily based totally on records that offer genealogical hyperlinks among people in a given population, via their ancestors who have been diagnosed in the course of the development of the genealogies. It can yield precious facts approximately the shape of the population, consisting of kinship and inbreeding levels.
To learn more about Genealogical method here
https://brainly.com/question/14932638
#SPJ4
The scientific definition of ______ refers to changes in a species or population over time. systematics genetics evolution biology
The scientific definition of evolution refers to changes in a species or population over time.
Evolution is a long-term process. It may take millions of years and several generation for an evolution to occur. The cause of evolution can be genetic as well as environmental. The evolution is a result of mutation. Evolution generally gives rise to new species, that is different from its ancestral population.
Population is a group of similar type of organisms. These organisms live in the same habitat, require same resources and have same kind of habits. The most essential criteria that defines a population is that the organisms of a population can mate with each other and produce offspring.
To know more about evolution, here
brainly.com/question/13492988
#SPJ4
Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the ______.
Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the glycocalyx part of the cell.
What is Glycocalyx?The Glycocalyx may be defined as a coat that significantly covers the outside of organisms such as bacteria. It is composed or made up of glycoproteins, glycolipids, and polysaccharides.
The major function of the glycocalyx found on the bacteria is that it is like a protective coat that forms the protection for the bacterial cell from the host reactor, which mediates the part of the immune system.
Therefore, the glycocalyx is the part of the cell that plays an essential role in the immune system while differentiating healthy versus unhealthy cells.
To learn more about the Immune system, refer to the link:
https://brainly.com/question/6612564
#SPJ4
In a nucleic acid polymer, the bonds that help to hold double-stranded regions together occur between what parts of the nucleotide monomers?.
The bonds that help to hold double-stranded regions together occur between nitrogenous bases in a nucleic acid polymer.
A linear polymer (strand) of nucleotides that make up a nucleic acid. Each nucleotide is made up of three parts: a pentose sugar, an acidic phosphate group, and a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (also known as nitrogen base or simply base). A nucleoside refers to a substructure consisting of a nucleobase and a sugar. The types of nucleic acids differ in the structure of the sugars within the nucleotides. DNA contains 2'-deoxyribose, whereas RNA contains ribose (the only difference being the presence of the hydroxyl group).Adenine, cytosine, and guanine are found in both RNA and DNA, while thymine and uracil are found in only one of the two types of nucleic acids. In nucleic acids, sugars and phosphates are linked.Therefore, the correct answer is nitrogenous bases.
Learn more about nucleic acid:
https://brainly.com/question/16986563
#SPJ4
Why is it important that scientists collect and organize information in an orderly way?
Answer: This is important because without organization the scientist could very likely and easily make mistakes in the future.
Explanation: For example, if later the scientist decided to do an experiment based on the information he collected earlier, but the information was not organized and he couldn't remember what the information meant then he couldn't perform the experiment effectively, with precision, or even at all.
Whch of the following describes an organism that lacks linear chromosomes but has peptidoglycan cell walls? multiple choice
A. bacteria
B. eukarya
C. archaea
Write one paragraph below describing your thoughts regarding the dihydrogen monoxide
Answer:
it is a bad an in appropriate way of pollution
Explanation:
hydrogen monoxide know as c0 which also means toxic
it is harmful to the body health and this is caused by irregular dispose of waste to the atmosphere
Strong evidence for the common ancestry of all life comes from the fact that _________________.
Strong evidence for the common ancestry of all life comes from the fact that similar DNA sequences
What is DNA?
Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid. The DNA of an individual can be found in almost all of their cells. The majority of DNA is found in the cell nucleus (where it is known as nuclear DNA), but there is also a tiny quantity of DNA in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). Cellular organelles called mitochondria transform the energy from food into a form that can be utilized by cells.
Adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (C) are the four chemical bases that make up the code that stores the information in DNA (T). More than 99 percent of the 3 billion bases that make up human DNA are the same in every person.
to know more about DNA
brainly.com/question/264225
#SPJ4
HELP ME ASP I WILL GIVE YOU BRAINLEST AND MORE POINTS
Answer:
The answer is the nucleus,
Explanation:
Can I have brainliest? It would help me out, if not thanks anyways! Hope this helped and have a nice day!
The concept that the distribution of one phenomenon is related to the location of other phenomenon is known as:__________
The bacterial flagellum is driven to rotate by protons moving down a charge and ph gradient and the energy provided is called the?
The energy generated by protons travelling down a charge and ph gradient to rotate the bacterial flagellum is known as the proton motive force.
A proton motive force
In the mitochondria of most tissues, the proton-motive force produced by the respiratory chain complexes is mostly employed to move protons through the ATP synthase complex, where they are converted into ATP from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate.
Is there a pH gradient in proton motive force?The proton motive force is produced by an electrochemical gradient that has both chemical and electrical components. The pH gradient, or varying proton concentrations, is what causes protons to migrate across the membrane with a movement of molecules from one side to the other and is what makes up the chemical component.learn more about proton motive force here
https://brainly.com/question/13672481
#SPJ4
The _____ is a large, round body within the cell that contains the cellular genetic components (genes).
The nucleus is a large, round body within the cell that contains the cellular genetic components (genes).
What is nucleus?In terms of genomics, a nucleus is the organelle within a cell that is membrane-enclosed and houses the chromosomes. Therefore, protecting this component of the cell is very critical. The chromosomes are all kept inside the nucleus by a membrane, which also distinguishes between the chromosomes being inside the nucleus and the other organelles and parts of the cell remaining outside. There are pores in the nuclear membrane that allow molecules to enter and exit the nucleus as necessary, such as when RNA needs to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Previously, it was believed that the nuclear membrane only allowed molecules to enter and exit the nucleus; however, it is now understood that there is an active process for bringing molecules into the nucleus as well.Learn more about the Nucleus with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/23987833
#SPJ4
Each of the species of finches on the galapagos islands has its own distinctive ________ and ________.
Each of the species of finches on the Galapagos Islands has its own distinctive beak and ecological niche.
Reason :
Darwin observed that the finches evolved thanks to the difference in their habitat. Consistent environmental differences in several habitats on different islands in the Galapagos, the supply of different foods sources (seeds, cactus, insects, and fruit) promotes directional selection on resident finches for optimal beak morphology which maximizes survival under local conditions.
This process has produced more distinct species of finches, all unique to the archipelago. He noticed that every finch species is having a different type of beak, counting on the food available on its island.
To learn more about Darwin's theory:
brainly.com/question/524043
#SPJ4
A child dies following a series of chronic bacterial infections At the autopsy, the physicians are startled to see that the child's white blood cells are loaded with vacuoles containing intact bacteria. Which of the following explanations could account for this finding?
White blood cells' defective lysosomes prohibited them from killing engulfed bacteria.
What do white blood cells do?The body's immune system includes white blood cells. They aid the body in the battle against illness and infection. The three different types of white blood cells are lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) (T cells and B cells).
What causes chronic bacterial infections?Most often, bacterial "persisters"—a small subpopulation of bacteria that manages to survive an antibiotic onslaught by effectively shutting down and "sleeping" through it, even as their counterparts, who are awake, are killed off—are the source of chronic and recurrent infections.
To know more about White blood cells visit:
https://brainly.com/question/10736124
#SPJ9
How are bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses distinguished on the basis of structure?
Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses are distinguished on the basis of a structure by the three-domain system.
Three-domain system is a classification system in which cellular life is classified into three types which are archaea, bacteria, and eukarya domain.
Archaea are organisms that are made up of cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles which means that they are prokaryotic.
The domain bacteria differs from archaea in the composition of the cell wall and cell membrane in that the cell wall of bacteria consists of peptidoglycan while the cell walls of archaea do not consist of peptidoglycan. The lipids in the membrane of archaea are enclosed with hydrocarbons, unlike the bacteria in which lipids are enclosed with fatty acids.
Fungi and algae are included in the domain eukarya since they consist of a membrane-bound nucleus and hence are eukaryotic. Fungi and algae differ in cell structure in that the cells of algae have a single nucleus while the cells of fungi are multinucleated.
Viruses are not considered a part of any of the domains since viruses are not made of cells and they don't have the capability to perform any metabolic function. They remain inactive outside the host cell.
To learn more about the three-domain system, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/14959400
#SPJ4
What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura and peritoneum?
Answer:
The difference between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura and peritoneum is:
Explanation:
The main differentiation between both visceral as well as parietal is that the former forms one of the 2 layers of the serosa that covers the organs, whilst the latter forms the second layer which lines the body cavity's walls. As a result, structures connected to organs are referred to as visceral, whereas those attached to the wall of most of the body cavity are called parietal.
The anatomical phrases visceral as well as parietal are used to characterise the serous membrane's components and structures. The walls of the whole organs in the thoracic as well as abdominopelvic cavities are often covered by a thin membrane called the serosa.
Aside from that, the pericardium, pleura, as well as peritoneum are indeed the serous membranes connected to the 3 serous chambers in the human body.
You can learn more from the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/28504681
#SPJ4
All of the carbohydrates in the plasma membrane face the cell exterior. which direction do the carbohydrates on internal cell membranes face?
The direction the monolayer will face will be established randomly. All of the carbohydrates in the plasma membrane face the cell exterior.
What are carbohydrates?Sugar molecules make up what is known as a carb. The three primary nutrients present in foods and beverages are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are converted to glucose by your body. Your body's cells, tissues, and organs primarily use glucose, also known as blood sugar, as a source of energy.
Bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, spaghetti, soft drinks, corn, and cherry pie are just a few examples of foods high in carbohydrates, both healthy and unhealthy. A variety of forms are also available for them. Sugars, fibres, and starches are the three most prevalent and plentiful forms.
Due to their longer sugar molecules, which take longer for the body to break down, complex carbohydrates are regarded as "good" carbohydrates.
To learn more about carbohydrates visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14614055
#SPJ4
Intensity of a stimulus, such as the intensity of noise that a person experiences, can be communicated through ______.
The intensity of a stimulus, such as the intensity of noise that a person experiences, can be communicated through the number of neurons that fire action.
A stimulus is a change detected by the neurons in a body for which a response is produced. The sensory nerves sense a stimulus and send signals to the brain. The brain interprets this message and sends a response action signal through the motor neurons.
The intensity of a stimulus is detected by the impulse of action potential carried by the sensory neurons. The number of sensory neurons will increase if an intense stimulus, which will lead to the generation of an increased action potential. The brain will determine the intensity of the increased action potential and send a response action from the motor neurons to act accordingly.
To learn more about neurons, click here:
https://brainly.com/question/11538106
#SPJ4
Mutations are changes in the DNA of an organism. Changes caused by mutations can affect the structure and function of different
proteins in the body. Three changes caused by mutations are described below:
• Having two different-colored eyes is caused by a mutation that results in increased or decreased pigmentation in one of the
eyes. While this mutation affects the coloration of the eye, it does not affect how the eye functions.
• Cystic fibrosis is caused by the mutation of a protein in the lungs that causes a sticky mucus to build up in the lung tissue. This
build up of mucus can make it difficult for a person to breathe.
• Bone density can be affected by a mutation. This mutation can cause very dense bones that are almost unbreakable.
What is true about mutations in organism?
A. Changes caused by mutations always have negative effects on an organism.
B. Changes caused by mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral to an organism.
C. Changes caused by mutations always have positive effects on an organism.
D. Changes caused by mutations never have an effect on an organism's cells.
?
Changes caused by mutations can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral to an organism.
The outcome of a mutation, or alteration in the DNA structure. Mutations can have a wide range of impacts, from being advantageous to having no effect to having fatal consequences, and everything in between.The majority of mutations on the organism they occur in have neither good nor bad effects. Neutral mutations are the name given to these mutations.Some mutations benefit the organism in which they take place. They are known as advantageous mutations. They result in novel protein variants that aid organisms in adjusting to environmental changes.Any arbitrary alteration to a gene's DNA is likely to produce a protein that performs improperly or not at all. Such alterations are probably detrimental.Therefore, option B. is correct.
Learn more about mutations:
https://brainly.com/question/17031191
#SPJ9
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria. which characteristics of a free-living bacteria have mitochondria lost over time?
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from ancient bacteria. Free-living bacteria have lost motility in mitochondria over time.
What is endosymbiosis?Endosymbiosis is the term used when one organism truly lives inside the other. According to the endosymbiotic theory, it is simple for a big host cell and ingested bacteria to become dependent on one another for survival and develop a long-term bond. Due to their increased specialization through millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts can no longer survive outside of cells. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are remarkably similar to bacterial cells. They have unique DNA that is distinct from the DNA found in the cell's nucleus. Additionally, these organelles synthesize numerous proteins and enzymes necessary for their functions using DNA. Both mitochondria and chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane, which is additional proof that each was ingested by a primitive host. Similar to bacteria, the two organelles also divide by themselves and replicate their own DNA.Learn more about the endosymbiosis with the help of the given link:
https://brainly.com/question/15829977
#SPJ4
Which epithelium is best suited for resisting abrasion and preventing pathogen entry into deeper tissues?
Epithelial cells best suited for resisting abrasion and preventing pathogen entry into deeper tissues are stratified squamous epithelial cells.
Stratified cells are layered cells, squamous cells are flat and epithelial cells are covering cells. Therefore, stratified squamous epithelial cells are flattened, layered covering cells arranged on a basement membrane.
Stratified squamous epithelial cells have very little to no intercellular spaces which prevent pathogen from passing through and entering into the deeper tissues. They are well suited for resisting abrasion because the uppermost layers are subsequently sloughed off and replaced before the basement membrane is exposed. These types of cells form the outermost layer of the skin.
Learn more about epithelial cells here:
https://brainly.com/question/14015552
#SPJ4
A type of cell that can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions, can rapidly multiply, and does not have a nucleus is known as what type of cell?
Option A, a prokaryotic cell, is the proper response.
What is a nucleus ?
In terms of genomics, a nucleus is the organelle within a cell that is membrane-enclosed and houses the chromosomes. The nuclear membrane has a variety of pores that enable the selective passage of specific molecules (such proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.
Given that the prokaryotic cell lacks a nucleus, option A is the appropriate response to the question.
Question :
A type of cell that can exist in a broad range of environmental conditions, can rapidly multiply, and lacks a nucleus is known as what type of cell?
A. prokaryotic
B. eukaryotic
C. mammal
D. plant
E. reptile
To learn more about prokaryotic cell click on the link below:
https://brainly.com/question/7786008
#SPJ4
How do doctors estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
The doctors estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss using the rule of nines.
The rule of nines is a technique a doctor and other emergency unit caregivers used to estimate the degree of burns in the body of a person. This was discovered by Dr. Wallace thus also referred as Wallace rule of nines. The doctor would examine the patient with burns and quickly calculate the degree of burns by adding burns in specific areas of the body.
Here are some of the calculation of the rule the burns in arms including the hands constitutes 9%, front of the body 18%, genitalia 1%, head and neck 9%, legs constitutes 18% and back of the body also makes up for 18%.
To know more about rule of nines refer to the link below
https://brainly.com/question/28196039
#SPJ4
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called:_________
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called Complementary protein
What is a Protein ?Amino acids, the numerous subunits that make up proteins, bind together in a certain sequence to specify a protein's function. There are 20 amino acids, some of which the body cannot produce. These must be ingested through food since they are considered necessary.
Incomplete proteins from two or more foods can be combined to create complementary proteins, which can supply enough of each of the required amino acids. As long as the day's meals have all the complementary proteins, they do not necessarily need to be consumed simultaneously.Learn more about Protein here:
https://brainly.com/question/8590609
#SPJ4
