In addition to burning fossil fuels, humans return co2 to the atmosphere faster than it can be removed by:__________

According to Freud, if a psychosexual conflict is not readily resolved, the child may develop a fixation on the issue and therefore a psychological problem associated with this matter.

The psychosexual conflict in Freud's thinking refers to any type of fixation on an earlier development because he believed that children face different conflicts that should be solved in order to continue the next step.

In conclusion, according to Freud, if a psychosexual conflict is not readily resolved, the child may develop a fixation on the issue and therefore a psychological problem associated with this matter.

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The invaginations of the mitochondria, which increase the surface area of the inner membrane, are called cristae.

Mitochondria is the double membranous cell organelle. It is also referred as: powerhouse of the cell. This is because mitochondria is associated with the formation of energy for the cell. Mitochondria also possess its own DNA. Cells like the muscle cells more amount of mitochondria as they require more energy.

Cristae are the finger-like projections of the inner membrane of mitochondria. They are supposed to increase the surface area of the organelle so that more amount of ATP can be produced for the cell. At the membrane is embedded the ATPase that produces the ATP.

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he change in free energy difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions are: Exergonic reactions release energy which leads to a loss of free energy and Endergonic reactions consume energy which leads to a gain of free energy.

The exergonic reactions are spontaneous reaction, whereas endergonic reactions are usually non-spontaneous reaction. During exergonic reactions, the energy is formed or released whereas, during the endergonic reactions energy is absorbed. During exergonic reactions, the value of energy is less than zero whereas, in endergonic reactions, the value of Gibb's free energy is greater than zero. The sign for exergonic reactions is usually negative, whereas the sign for endergonic reactions is positive. The exergonic reactions are generally favorable, whereas unfavorable reactions take place in endergonic reactions. During endergonic reactions, the entropy decreases, whereas the entropy increases during exergonic reactions.

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The ancestral population may have divided into two descendent species, which might be shown as a fork in the tree.

Ancestral population- Things that are ancestral have been there for so long that they were originally owned by our ancestors, the relatives who lived before our grandparents. Our great-grandparents' or great-great-former uncle's residence is known as our ancestral house.

Descendent species- An individual, race, species, or other entity that descends from or is related to an earlier form when referring to a human, animal, or plant.

A phylogenetic tree, sometimes called a phylogeny, is a diagram that shows the evolutionary branches from which various species, creatures, or genes have descended from one another.

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The leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester is internal hemorrhage into the abdomen following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy.

Trimester is defined as the period of three months and the whole period of pregnancy is divided in three trimesters such as first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester. The requirement of energy is different in different trimesters.

During the first trimester there is no need of extra calorie, during second trimester extra calorie is required and total amount is 340 calories per day suggested by doctor. In case of third trimester the requirement of calorie increases and 450 calories is required in a single day.

Therefore, The leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester is internal hemorrhage into the abdomen following rupture of an ectopic pregnancy.

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The type of lipid formed from rings of carbon atoms which regulate sexual function, blood glucose levels and are an important component in cell membranes are known as Steroids.

Steroids- A steroid is an organic molecule having four rings organized in a certain chemical configuration that is physiologically active. The two main biological roles of steroids are as signaling molecules and as critical elements of cell membranes that affect membrane fluidity.

Cell Membrane- All cells have a cell membrane, also known as a plasma membrane, which divides the inside of the cell from the external environment. The movement of materials into and out of the cell is controlled by the cell membrane.

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True: Transmembrane proteins move ions or molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient.

Transmembrane proteins function as gatekeepers by allowing or preventing the entry or exit of the ions or molecules across the cell membrane. The transmembrane proteins can function on both sides of the bilayer membrane and transport solutes across it. The transport of ions or molecules across a membrane against the concentration gradient of the transmembrane proteins is done by active transport.

The transfer of proteins by transmembrane proteins or transporters is performed by two mechanisms: facilitated diffusion or active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows molecules to pass through the membrane without the use of greater energy by simple diffusion. Whereas, active transport uses the energy in the form of ATP and forces the molecules or solutes to pass through the membrane against the concentration gradient.

We can now say that transmembrane proteins move ions or molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient. This transport is generally aided by a mechanism called active transport.

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Any one of the three cellular layers formed during animal embryogenesis and later differentiated to become the various organs and tissues of the organism are referred to as the "germ layer." Three early cell groupings or starting tissues are the ectoderm (cells on the outside), endoderm (cells inside), and mesoderm.

Endoderm is responsible for the development of the lungs, throat, thyroid, parathyroid, stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, urine bladder, the lining of the urethra, epithelial parts of the trachea, and intestines.

The skeletal, connective tissue, urogenital system, heart, blood (lymph cells), spleen, dermis of the skin, crystal lens of the eye, and skeletal muscle are all developed from the mesoderm.

The ectoderm is responsible for the development of the mammary glands, the central nervous system, the eye's lens, the ganglia and nerves, pigment cells, the connective tissues of the head, the epidermis, and the skin.

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Dr. chu studies the environmental influences on gene expression by studying identical twins that have been reared apart. Dr. Chu's field of study is called epigenetics.

Gene expression is the process from which the functional proteins are made from a gene by the processes of transcription and translation. First m-RNA is formed from the DNA and the  it is translated to form the protein. All the proteins formed inside the body are a result of gene expression.

Epigenetics is the study of reversible changes in the gene. These changes are not inherited to the further generations. The environmental factors are the major reason for thee changes. The changes could be methylation, acetylation, etc.

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Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are surrounded by double membrane. i.e., Double membrane bounded cell organelle.

Cell Organelle- An organelle is a subcellular structure that, like an organ in the body, has one or more specialized tasks to carry out within the cell. The nucleus, which house genetic material, the mitochondria, which generate chemical energy, and the ribosomes, which put together proteins, are some of the most significant cell organelles.

Ribosome- The process of making proteins in a cell takes place at an intercellular structure called a ribosome, which is formed of both RNA and protein. The messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence is read by the ribosome, which then converts the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids.

The given question is incomplete, click on the below link for the complete question,

Q. Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______.

A) surrounded by two membranes

B) green

C) manufactured by the nucleolus

D) able to synthesize lipids

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The tissue is simple squamous epithelial cell. It helps in diffusion of gases and exchange of nutrients in the body.

Squamous epithelial cells are the type of simple epithelial cells, made up of  single layer of cells. They are flat, thin and polygonal in shape. They are arranged in a single layer on a basal membrane. Squamous cells have nucleus in the centre.

These cells are present in the lining of the alveoli in lungs and in the glomerulus in nephrons. They facilitate gaseous exchange in alveoli. In glomerulus they help in exchange of nutrients and elimination of wastes from blood capillaries.

Thus, squamous cells have important function of transport and absorption in the body.

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The correct answer for this question is RhoGAM administration

RhoGAM is an antibody solution derived from plasma donors. RhoGAM is being prescribed by your doctor because you are Rh-negative. It is normal for a small amount of the baby's blood to enter your bloodstream during pregnancy. There will be a blood type mismatch when the blood from your Rh-positive baby enters your Rh-negative bloodstream. This is known as Rh incompatibility. Your immune system recognizes the baby's red blood cells as "foreign," and antibodies are produced to try to eliminate them. If you take RhoGAM at the right time, it will keep your immune system from reacting to your baby's blood. RhoGAM is made from human blood and may carry a risk of transmitting disease-causing agents.

Rh incompatibility occurs when a Rh-negative mother falls pregnant with a baby who has Rh-positive blood.

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A desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a variety of foods to support metabolic functions.

The Metabolic function may be characterized as the instance when your body utilizes a process known as metabolism in order to convert food and liquids into energy.

This complicated approach significantly includes calorie-dense foods and beverages that remarkably authorize your body to liberate the energy it requires to function.

Metabolic processes typically include numerous chemical reactions that keep you alive. One major example of metabolism is the rate at which you burn fat and consume calories. The constant anabolic and catabolic chemical and physical processes that take place in living things and their cells.

Therefore, a desirable nutrition state occurs when body tissues have enough essential nutrients from a variety of foods to support metabolic functions.

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The ph optimum for enzymes secreted by the stomach is higher than the ph optimum for enzymes secreted by the pancreas. False

Any enzyme have a optimal ph condition in which it is most active.

The enzymes that are secreted by the stomach like the pepsin are activated and work in acidic condition from about 1.5 to 3.5 ph level.

While the enzymes of pancreas like trypsin work optimally in the basic condition of the small intestine from about 6 to 7.4.

Hence the ph of the pancreatic enzymes require a higher ph as compared to the ph value of the stomach bacteria. So the statement given above is not true.

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The largest mass of living material on earth comes from the largest mass of living material on earth comes from microorganisms

A living thing that can only be observed under a microscope. Protozoa, algae, fungus, and bacteria are all examples of microorganisms. Viruses are occasionally categorised as microbes even though they are not thought of as living things.

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Answer:

Humans originated from Africa around 200,000 - 2 million years ago. There is fossilized evidence from back then that tells us when we humans may have formed. We went through about 15 different evolutions until coming to what we are today. To answer your other question, no, we are not alone in the universe, because we are united with many other organisms and life forms that live alongside us.

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A taxonomic category above the kingdom level is known as a domain. The three main groups of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—are the three domains. Domains are essentially super kingdoms. A taxonomic group called a kingdom includes one or more phyla.

The basic distinction between a domain and a kingdom is that the former is one of the three taxonomic groups of living things above the kingdom level, whilst the latter is one of the five major groups of living things. On Earth, there have been numerous classification efforts. Even while we often refer to the largest collection of species as a kingdom, there is something bigger than that. The more comprehensive category known as DOMAINS includes kingdoms.

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The five regions of the vertebral column are the Cervical region, Thoracic region, Lumbar region, Sacral region, and Coccygeal region. Each region in vertebrae possesses a differentiating feature.

The vertebral column is divided into the following five regions, starting from the skull:-

1.Cervical region

2.Thoracic region

3.Lumbar region

4.Sacral region

5.Coccygeal region

The vertebral column consists of 26 serially arranged units called vertebrae. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and also serves as the point of attachment for ribs and muscles of the back.

The vertebral column is divided into the following five regions, whose differentiating features are mentioned:-

Cervical Region - They are seven in number and their distinguishing feature is that they have spinous processes which bifurcate at the distal end.

Thoracic region- There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and their differentiating feature is that they are specialized to articulate with the ribs.

Lumbar Vertebrae- These vertebrae are 5 in number and their distinguishing feature is that they are kidney-shaped.

Sacral and Coccygeal region- These are 2 in number and both regions contain fused vertebrae, unlike other regions where they are attached but not fused.

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Evolutionary psychology makes the strongest case for the idea that our shared genome explains the biological and behavioural similarities between humans.

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If earth is a closed system then we can't bring anything in or out.

A closed system is one in which only energy can be transported while no matter does, meaning that only energy can enter and exit the system while no matter does. Since it permits energy to enter and exit, the closed system can alternatively be said to be partially open.

An open system is one in which matter and energy are actually being transported or exchanged. Both matter and energy are able to enter and exit the system. In terms of the exchange of stuff, Earth is unquestionably a closed system, but it is an open system for the movement of energy. Therefore, under the said circumstances in terms of the outcome of environmental problems, we are unable to bring anything in or take anything out.

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Nanometer is the most appropriate unit of measurement for macromolecular complexes including ribosomes and microfilaments.

One billionth of a meter, or [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] meters, is the size of a nanometer, which is a measure of spatial measurement. It is frequently employed in nanotechnology, which involves creating incredibly small machines. Because it is [tex]\frac{1}{10}[/tex] of a micron (micrometer), the nanometer was previously known as the millimicrometre, or more popularly, the millimicron. It was frequently represented by the symbol m, or (less frequently and confusingly, because it conceptually should represent to a millionth of a micron). The thickness of a typical human hair is 60,000 nanometers. Light wavelengths and the separations across atoms in molecules can both be measured using nanometers.

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Answer:

A typical dose-response curve shows that the response increases as the dose increases.

Explanation:

Pharmacodynamics is the scientific study of the range and amount of drug reactions (PDs). To be clear, this research focuses on the drug's potency, time, and systemic circulation upon delivery, as well as how these factors connect to the drug's quantity at the receptor point of action. The link with both concentrations as well as the effect is typically non-linear; for example, doubling the concentration can't possibly raise the impact by twice but would extend its lifespan by one half-life. The usage of quantitative techniques to assess the effectiveness and affinity of drugs is included in PD. Good clinical pharmacology can indeed be separated among, PK, PDs, and their combination.

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An action potential is generated by the movement of positive ions

Action potentials are short electrical signals that neurons use to interact with one another. The movement of certain ions into and out of the neuron causes these fleeting changes in the voltage across the membrane. The membrane is primarily permeable to K+ when the body is at rest, which causes the membrane potential to form. In response to depolarization, an action potential starts at the axon hillock. An electrical stimulus causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open during depolarization. The positive charge of the sodium ions causes them to rush back into the cell, shifting the potential there from negative to more positive. An action potential is generated when a threshold potential is met. Only once a threshold has been met will action potentials happen.

Following depolarization, voltage-gated sodium ion channels start to shut. Voltage-gated potassium channels open as a result of the positive potential inside the cell, and K+ ions then exit the cell via their electrochemical gradient. The membrane potential shifts more negatively and begins to get closer to the resting potential as the K+ leaves the cell.

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The cells that support neurons by insulating them, synchronizing activity among neighboring neurons, and removing waste products are known as glial cells.

Glial cells or gliocytes are non-neuronal cells found in the nervous system. They are called non-neuronal cells because they do not have an action potential or produce electrical impulses. Therefore, they don't partake in information transmission.

Glial cells act as the 'housekeepers' of the nervous system. They hold and support neurons in place, supply oxygen and nutrients to the neurons, help to isolate one neuron from another, remove waste products and dead neurons, and help destroy pathogens.

There are various subtypes of glial cells, including the astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia.

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Hemorrhagic stroke is a type of stroke correlates with the clinical manifestations of a severe headache.

Hemorrhagic stroke- The term "hemorrhage" also refers to bleeding, which is the loss of blood. Internal bleeding is when it occurs within the body, while external bleeding is when it happens outside the body.

Severe headache- The agony of a migraine headache is frequently characterized as throbbing and hammering. They typically occur one to four times each month and can last anywhere from four hours to three days. Along with the discomfort, individuals also have additional symptoms including sensitivity to light, sound, or scents; nausea or vomiting; appetite loss; and an upset stomach or pain in the abdomen.

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All the fields of biology share one trait in that they are employed to investigate various aspects of all naturally occurring living things and offer knowledge about their development, reproduction, structure, and demise.

There are several interconnected fields that makeup biology. Evolution, molecular biology, physiology, cell biology, zoology, microbiology, medicine, botany, genetics, marine biology, and ecology are the several subfields of biology.

Biology is the branch of science concerned with examining living things and their biological processes (Greek words, bios – life, logos – study). All facets of the study of living things are covered, including their occurrence, classification, ecology, economic significance, exterior shape, organization, internal structure, nutrition, health, and other bodily functions, as well as their reproduction, life histories, heredity, and origins. The term biology is sometimes substituted with the terms "life sciences" or "biological sciences" since they are more inclusive and multidisciplinary. The "Father of Biology" is Aristotle. Lamarck is credited with coining the term "biology."

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A single cyanobacterium was the origin of all chloroplasts.

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To hunt and kill a wildebeest, 4 lions need to be in on the hunt.

To measure the energy we use the unit kilo calories (kcal).

Given that the total energy cost to hunt and kill a wildebeest is 50,000 kcal and the maximum energy that can be spent by a lion is 15,000 kcal.

The number of lions needed to hunt and kill a wildebeest can be calculated by dividing 50,000 kcal by 15,000 kcal

Number of lions = 50,000/15,000

                           = 3.33 lions

As this value is not a whole number, the number of lions can either be 3 or 4.

As 3 lions will not be enough for the hunting, therefore 4 lions are needed.

Thus, to hunt and kill a wildebeest, 4 lions need to be in on the hunt.

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