In 3-5 sentences, explain how the rate of photosynthesis or cellular respiration can be measured using products or reactants.(4 points)

Active transport is the membrane transport mechanism that requires the greatest amount of energy.

Active transport is the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient across a cell membrane from a location of lower concentration to a region of greater concentration. Cellular energy is needed for active transport in order to achieve this movement. Because it enables the cell to move chemicals against the concentration gradient, active transport is significant. Even though a substance's concentration is higher inside a cell than it is outside, cells can still take it in.

Exocytosis and endocytosis, two membrane transport processes that require energy expenditure, are both included in active transport. Simple diffusion, passive transport, and facilitated diffusion are all metabolically inert processes.

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Please be rightly informed that meiosis leads to significant genetic variation while mitosis does not simply because

Option b and c are the two correct answer

This is possible simply because there is an independent assortment of the genetic materials which contains a unique and different combination of genes

Living organisms be it plants or animals need to produce new cells for replacement, growth and development and other life processes, the process by which all these occur is known as cell division.

However, the functions and importance of cell division cannot be overemphasized as it helps greatly in

So therefore, meiosis leads to significant genetic variation while mitosis does not simply because

Complete question:

Identify the reasons why meiosis leads to significant genetic variation while mitosis does not. select the two correct reasons.

a. Meiosis produces the same combination of genes.

b. Meiosis produce chromosomes and crossing over provide a large amount of genetic variation.

c.Meiosis produces a unique combination of genes.

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If the concordance value for a particular trait is 85% for both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. We can conclude about this trait that it is likely caused almost exclusively by environmental factors.

Concordance, in genetics, is the probability that a pair of individuals will have a certain characteristic (phenotypic trait) given that one of the pair has the characteristic. Twins are said to be concordant when both have or both lack a given trait. Studies have shown that genetic traits of monozygotic twins are fully concordant, whereas in dizygotic twins, half of genetic traits are concordant, while the other half are discordant.

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The right side of the cerebellum is concerned with movements of the right hand.

Cerebellum is located at the backside of the brain. Almost 50% os the nerve cells are present in the cerebellum area of the brain. The functions that the cerebellum regulates are: motor skills. movement, coordination, posture, equilibrium and balance.

The hand is the appendage of the body that emerges from the shoulder and consists of the forearm, the upper arm, the palm and the fingers. Although, the palm and the fingers are specifically referred as hands. The upper arm and the forearm together from the arm region.

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Answer: nucleus

Explanation: There are several differences between the two, but the biggest distinction between them is that eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material, while prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead.

Answer:

nucleus

Explanation:

There are several differences between the two, but the biggest distinction between them is that eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus containing the cell's genetic material, while prokaryotic cells don't have a nucleus and have free-floating genetic material instead.

Brainliest please

Cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in foods such as glucose and fatty acids and uses the energy to make ATP, which is later used by the life forms for the different processes.

There is energy present in various foods, such as carbohydrates, which have less energy than lipids, so when carbohydrates are consumed, the person receives different energy than that of fats, and these energies are used in the body. The body uses cellular respiration, and in the presence of oxygen, the cell breaks down the food via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ETC processes to extract the majority of the ATPs from food.

Hence, cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in foods such as glucose and fatty acids and uses the energy to make ATP, which is later used by the life forms for the different processes.

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The inside of cells is slightly negative relative to the extracellular fluid. This ionic imbalance causes the chemical disequilibrium of ions across the membrane create an electrical disequilibrium.

Chemical disequilibrium is when a solute is more concentrated in one of the two compartments of body than the other. Examples of solutes that exist in chemical disequilibrium state are Sodium, Potassium and Calcium.

The ionic imbalance or uneven distribution of ions between the ICF and ECF is called Electrical disequilibrium. ECF is more positive, ICF is more negative.

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Answer:

b excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer: D

Explanation:

i took the test

Answer

Commensal bacteria stimulate the immune system of the host to enhance defense mechanisms that block pathogen entrance and colonization.  Moreover, by creating antimicrobial properties and signals & fighting with other bacteria for food and attachment sites, such bacteria might effectively limit the spread of respiratory infections. In healthy animals, the majority of commensal bacteria live inside the intestine's lumen, although some are also found in immediate contact with the intestinal epithelium. New studies have shown that commensal bacteria may live in stable stomach lymphoid tissues. But every once in a while, especially when they travel to other areas and leave their natural habitat, these commensal bacteria might cause illness. In both old and very and also in young persons, it can spread throughout the rest of the body, causing pneumonia, infection, and meningitis.

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The answer to the above question is Hypertensive crisis.

A hypertensive crisis is characterized by severely increased blood pressure (equivalent to or more than a systolic pressure of 160 or a diastolic pressure of 110; also known as malignant or accelerated hypertension), which carries a high risk of consequences. Although those with blood pressure in this range may not experience any symptoms, they are more likely than the general population to report headaches and lightheadedness. A hypertensive crisis may also be accompanied by other symptoms including dyspnea from heart failure, deteriorating vision from retinopathy, or a general feeling of malaise from kidney failure. Blood pressure is known to be raised in most patients experiencing a hypertensive crisis, but there may have been additional triggers that caused a fast increase.

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The cerebral cortex appears to be wrinkly. Between the occipital lobe and the central sulcus is where the parietal lobe is located.

Where is the parietal lobe and what does it do?

One of the larger brain lobes, the parietal lobe is generally situated in the upper rear region of the skull. It interprets sensory data from the environment, primarily pertaining to touch, taste, and temperature. Damage to the parietal lobe may cause sensory impairment.

Where is the central sulcus ?
On the lateral and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres, the central sulcus (also known as the Rolando's sulcus) divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

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Darwin called the units of inheritance that pass traits from parents to offspring gemmules.

Charles Darwin proposed the pangenesis theory to describe the units of inheritance between parents and offspring. The minute particles of inheritance that are derived from parent cells were referred to as gemmules. His theory suggested that these gemmules can be modified in any part of the body and are transferred into the reproductive organs of the parents. The gemmules then are transferred to the offspring.

As of now, Charles Darwin's theory is replaced by the chromosomal theory of inheritance, and the concept of gemmules is replaced by that of genes. A theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics (IAC) was further considered by Darwin from which he explained the concept of gemmules.

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The sense of static equilibrium maintains the stability of the head and body when they are motionless. The sense of dynamic equilibrium balances the head and the body when they are suddenly moved or rotated.

Static equilibrium occurs when a body is at rest. There are two forces acting upon the body during static equilibrium, but they occur in opposite direction, and as a result the body remains static. For example, when an organism stands still in its position, it is acted upon by the force of gravity downwards and normal force upwards and thus remains in static equilibrium.

Dynamic equilibrium occurs when a process is going on. It detects the angular acceleration of the movement of head. In humans, the semicircular canals help in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium.

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Answer:

The hypothalamus is a brain structure that contains a number of small areas that perform a variety of functions, including the regulation of hunger and sexual behaviour, as well as linking the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

B cells develop into plasma cells before secreting antibodies.

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(C) 1 million years ago is the approximate time that the species diverge. This is because Genetic analysis at a neutral locus indicates that these species differ by 100 substitutions. If there are 10 substitutions separating species 1 and 2.

Divergence in evolutionary biology refers to an evolutionary process in which a population of an inbreeding species splits into two or more descendant species that have progressively diverged in their morphologies and structural characteristics.

The difference between species 1 and 3 is 100 substitutions, and humans split off 10 million years ago. As a result, there will be 10 substitutions in a million years. As a result, 1 million years ago, species 1 and 2, which are divided by 10 substitution, diverged.

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Question correction:

Imagine that, of three species, it is known that species 1 and 3 were separated 10 million years ago, based on geologic measurements. Genetic analysis at a neutral locus indicates that these species differ by 100 substitutions. If there are 10 substitutions separating species 1 and 2, approximately how long ago did these species diverge?

A. 0.1 million years ago

B. 10 million years ago

C. 1 million years ago

D. 100 million years ago

The fundamental benefit of conducting experiments as opposed to observational research is that a well-conducted study may provide solid proof that the intervention actually produced the desired outcome. Two or more groups may be compared in an experiment.

In an observational research, participants are measured or surveyed without any attempt to influence them. In a controlled experiment, participants or objects are divided into groups, and one group is given a treatment while the other is not.

Strength: Due to the natural environment of a field experiment, behaviour is more likely to represent actual life, giving it better ecological validity than a lab experiment.

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The side of a limb that lies parallel to the median plane but is farthest from that plane is the limbs lateral surface.

A second perspective that is typically acquired during a diagnostic assessment is the lateral view. Depending on where the imaging tube and detector are positioned, a lateromedial view (LM) or a mediolateral view (ML) can be achieved.

It describes areas of the body that are further from the centre in terms of medicine. The hand, for instance, is far from the shoulder. Distal to the wrist is the thumb. The opposite of proximal is distal. Distal denotes separation, whereas proximal denotes closeness. The midline defines the right and left sides of body components. Consider the right arm and leg. Body components that are contralateral to the midline.

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In N-linked glycoproteins, the sugar can be attached to the protein by a bond to lysine.

N-linked protein glycosylation of proteins occurs in all three domains of life. The pathway at the periplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and the process at the ER membrane are considered to be homologous . The high conservation of the process across all domains of life makes it possible to identify the underlying principles of the pathway and to develop general concepts of N-linked protein glycosylation.

The assembly of an oligosaccharide on an isoprenoid lipid (bactoprenol in the bacterial systems and dolichol in archaea and eukaryotes) from nucleotide activated monosaccharides on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane by a set of specific glycosyltransferases and the subsequent translocation of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide is a unifying scheme in all systems.

In eukaryotes, the oligosaccharide is further extended by lumen-oriented glycosyltransferases, but these enzymes use dolichylphosphate-bound monosaccharides as substrates. The acceptors of the oligosaccharide are selected asparagine residues of polypeptide chains that have entered the periplasm or the lumen of the ER, respectively. Oligosaccharyltransferase, the central enzyme of the N-glycosylation pathway, catalyses the formation of an N-glycosidic linkage of the oligosaccharide to the side-chain amide of asparagine residues that are specified by the consensus sequence N-X-S/T.

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Brain structure that receives information from all the senses except smell is known as the thalamus.

Thalamus is a central, egg-shaped region in the human brain. It serves as a relay station including all incoming listening, taste, vision, and sensation (but not smell) sensory inputs from the body to the brain.

A specialized brain structure located deep within the temporal lobe is the hippocampus. It plays a significant part in memory and learning. It is a flexible and delicate structure that is responsive to many stimuli. According to studies, it is also impacted by a number of neurological and mental problems.

It is generally accepted that the amygdala serves as the hub of a brain system for processing scary and frightful inputs. Pons manages tasks and unconscious functions like breathing and the sleep-wake cycle.

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The nervous system conserves energy, while the sympathetic nervous system consumes energy.

The nervous system is an organ system that coordinates the activities of muscles, monitors organs, constructs and processes data received from the senses and initiates actions.

The nervous system can either be the following;

The sympathetic nervous system is a part of the autonomic nervous system that raises blood pressure and heart rate, constricts blood vessels, and dilates the pupils when under stress.

On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is one of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system, based between the brain and the spinal cord, that slows the heart and relaxes muscles.

This suggests that the parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy because it slows the heart while the sympathetic nervous system consumes energy.

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The climate of an area will always lead to repopulation by the same animal, plant, fungus, and bacterial species, a group collectively referred  as Climax Community.

What is climax community?

A community of plants, animals, and fungi that have attained steady state through the process of ecological succession in the growth of the vegetation in an area over time is referred to in scientific ecology as a climax community or climatic climax community.

Because the climax community is made up of species that are best adapted to the region's typical conditions, it was believed that this equilibrium would emerge.

The climax community's species composition doesn't change since all of the existing species are able to reproduce, whereas invasive species are unable to establish a presence. The climax stage is not entirely permanent since ecological processes, evolutionary processes, and climate changes all alter the environment over extremely long stretches of time.

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A neuron with an excitatory center-inhibitory surround receptive field will respond most when we stimulate only the center

The area of the sensory world where a neuron's receptive field is located is where an appropriate stimulation can either raise (excitatory) or reduce (inhibitory) a neuron's activity. The region of the retina known as a retinal ganglion cell's receptive field is where light stimulus alters the cell's response or firing rate.

a reduction in receptor sensitivity even while a stimulus is present.

Additionally called hypercomplex cells. cell of the visual cortex with a strong inhibitory field at one end of its field that reacts best to stimuli of a very specific type anywhere in a broad receptive field. The locations of these cells are in V1 and V2. Their receptive field is the biggest.

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all you have to do is read the question then try to do it because some people don't read the question. They question when they are confused all the time now read the question and it will make more easy.

The sequence of structures that correctly indicates the direction in which an electrical signal is carried in a typical multipolar neuron is- dendrites, cell body and axon.

A typical multipolar neuron consists of dendrites, cell body and axon. the electric signal in the neurons are first received by the dendrites that are the branching structures arising out of the cell body.

Cell body is the main part of the neuron which have the nucleus and other cell organelles. The electric signal are passed from the dendrites to the cell body.

From cell body the signal reaches the axon through the axon hillock. Axon transmits the signal to the other cell either in the form of chemical or electrical signal.

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Epithelial tissue covers external and internal surfaces.

In the field of science, epithelial tissue can be described as the tissues which line the internal surfaces of organs and cover the external surfaces in the body of an organism. Hence, the correct option is c. epithelial tissue.

The epithelial tissues of the body perform various functions such as protecting the other body tissues. There are certain epithelial tissues present in the glands which aid in the secretion of various enzymes and hormones. They also aid in the absorption of materials in the liver and lung cells. They help in the process of excretion by producing sweat. They also help the kidneys in filtering blood.

Option a is not correct because nervous tissues are in the interior of the body.

Option b is not correct because connective tissue covers the internal organs but it is not present in external surfaces.

Option d is not correct because muscle tissues are present in the interior of the body, not the exterior.

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The settlement house workers address the prominent role class differences played in the American economic system because "they initiated and provided the clients with career counselling which helped them to move into the middle and upper classes".

The employees of the settlement houses created neighborhood centers and provided services like daycare, adult education, counselling, intercultural exchanges, as well as citizenship training.

For fighting against racial discrimination they used legal system. They focused partially on local level by focusing on political efforts. They lobbied congress to address the distribution of  US resources at the national level.

such that this is how house workers addressed the prominent role class differences played in the American economic system.

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Lipids are stored as triacylglycerols and waxes on both animals and plants

Lipid can be described as an organic compound that is not soluble in water. lipid is an essential component that is needed for proper functionality in both plants and animals.  

In plants, lipids help provide lots of energy that is needed for different metabolic processes that goes on in the plant. Lipids also help fight off pathogens in plants

In animals, lipids also serve as an energy source and they help in the regulation of the different hormones present in the body. Lipid also help signal important molecules when they are required in the body and they also help in the proper digestion of food molecules.

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