How have researchers addressed the limitation you identified in part A of this question? Why is this approach effective?

The large protein complexes that are major protein-digesting organelles are proteasomes.

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A single independent variable can be used.

Therefore, controlled experiment with single variable can be used.

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Answer: 125 times larger

Explanation:

Liver cell: 2.5x10-5m

Bacterial cell: 2.0x10-7m

(2.5x10^(-5)) / (2.0x10^(-7))=

2.5/2.0 * 10^(-5)/10^(-7)=

5/4 * 10^(-5-(-7))=

5/4 * 10^(-5+7)=

5/4 * 10^2=

100 * 5/4=

500/4=125 times larger

Because of the high temperature DNA melting step during a PCR reaction, the DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used.

DNA melting is the breakdown of the hydrogen bonds present between the nitrogenous bases of the two strands of DNA, in order to separate the strands. In PCR, this step requires a temperature of around 72⁰C. This process can also be called the DNA denaturation.

PCR is Polymerase Chain Reaction. It is the process of making millions of copies of a DNA in short period of time. This can take in following steps: (1) DNA melting, where the two strands of DNA are separated, (2) Primer annealing, where the primers bond to the exposed DNA strands, and (3) extension, where the further dNTPs attach to the strands to make copies of the DNA.

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Termites have a mutualistic relationship with protozoa that live in their gut. These termites get benefited by the ability of bacterial symbionts that is within the protozoa that digest cellulose.

Endomicrobia is the phylum of bacteria that lives in their gut and wood feeding cockroaches of genus Cryptocercus. These termites thrive on a diet of wood that is remarkable to biological coexistence that involves two organisms.

The symbiotic insect that live in gut breaks down the cellulose that is found in plant cell walls. Termites depends on the protozoa that provide the enzymes that can digest the wood.

Symbionts is an organisms that lives in symbiosis mainly with the smaller member of symbiotic pair.

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The independent variable in this study is the number of hours that a student sleeps

The independent variable is the variable that is being manipulated in the reaction. It is the variable that is changed as the experiment progresses. The impact of this variable on the dependent variable is the subject of study in the experiment.

In this case, the experiment is trying to find out the effect of the hours that a student sleeps on the student's success at taking a test. In other words, the experiment is to establish whether or not the hours that a student sleeps has an effect on the student's success at taking a test.

Thus, the independent variable in this study is the number of hours that a student sleeps and the dependent variable is the number of numbers that the students get right or wrong.

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If on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.

A monocyte is a blood cell ( a white blood cell) that plays a fundamental role in immune responses by protecting the body and eliminating pahtogenic harmful entities such as viruses and microorganisms such as bacteria.

In conclusion, if on a blood smear slide prepared using wright's stain, you observe a large cell with a u-shaped nucleus and pale-blue cytoplasm, then this cell is most likely a monocyte.

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The letter indicating the integument layer is A.

What are squamous cells?

Squamous cells has been described as thin, flat cells that look like fish scales, and are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts.

Squamous cells usually have protective functions in the epithelial tissue layers where they are found. They protect the layer of cells below from microorganisms invasion as well as prevent water loss.

Squamous cells also play important roles ingaseous exchange in the lungs and waste and nutrients exchange in the digestive tract.

From the diagram given in your question, the letter indicating the integument layer is letter A.

Squamous cells look like fish scales when see under a microscopic eye.

In conclusion, Squamous cells are flat cells and are found in the epidermis. The Squamous cells shed as new ones form.

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The statement that is true about the evolution of brain size in the genus Homo is that the brain size has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.

The genus Homo comprises of present day humans, the Homo sapiens and also the extinct species like Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo Neanderthalensis.

The first human like being was Homo habilis. They had a brain size of 650-800 centimeter cube(cc).

The next stage in human evolution is Homo erectus who had a brain size of 900 cc.

The third stage was Homo neandarthalensis. Their brain capacity was about 1400 cc.

The final stage in the human evolution is Homo sapiens, the present day humans with a brain capacity of around 1300-1400 cc.

As it is evident from the above statements, the brain size of the genus Homo  has continuously increased from the early humans to the present day humans.

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The reaction is catabolic. Catabolism is a series of metabolic pathways that break down molecules into smaller units, either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.

Therefore, catabolic reaction is the correct answer.

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Answer:

So your two numbers are 10 and 25.

Explanation:

Call one of these numbers x and one of them y.

We know x+y = 35

We know x-y = 15

Add y to both sides of the second equation to get x=15 + y

Then plug this into the first equation as x --> (15 + y) + y = 35

This simplifies to 15+2y=35 by adding the y's.

We can subtract 15 from both sides to get 2y=35-15, which is 2y=20. Then divide both sides by 2 to get y=10. This is one of the numbers!

Then plug this back in to either equation above. I'll use the first equation that is x + y = 35. y=10, so x+10=35. subtract 10 from both sides to get x=35-10, so x=25.

The process by which molecules in vesicles are exported out of the cell is called exocytosis.

Exocytosis is the process by which secretions of the cell are transported out of the cell into the extracellular fluid. It occurs when the vesicle fuse with the plasma membrane to allow its content to move out of the cell.

Cell membranes are semipermeable membranes that do not allow foreign molecules to pass through them. But vesicles and plasma membranes are both made up of lipids which is the reason why they can fuse. This fusion allows macromolecules to move in and out of the cell.

Neurotransmitters, cell wastes, germs, carbon dioxide, water, etc are some of the content that can move out of the cell through exocytosis. Cells also replenish their inner content by fusion with the vesicles and remove the toxic content from the cell if encountered with one.

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A prominent part of the reward pathway of the brain is the a) locus coeruleus located at the base of the frontal lobe.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that facilitates communication across the brain areas that make up the "reward system." To assess rewards and encourage humans to pursue them, dopamine-producing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) connect with neurons in the nucleus accumbens.

The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in balancing a person's desire for rewards with their physiological status. This area combines brain activity with the organism's physiological requirements.

According to studies, the most widely used substances in human misuse (such as cocaine, alcohol, nicotine, amphetamines, and opiates) trigger a neurochemical reaction that greatly raises the quantity of dopamine produced by neurons in the reward area of the brain.

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A hypothesis is a claim the researcher makes to stablish a relationship between variables and predict the results of the experiment or explain what thinks is going on. Note: Since I did not find the options, I provide examples below.

When following the scientific methodology, researchers must formulate a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a scientific conjecture, not verified, that requires corroboration. It is a possibility, not a fact. It is a claim of how it works a relationship between two or more variables.

The researcher hypothesizes to predict what is going on or what is expected to occur.

A hypothesis

• must be clear and comprehensive.

• must express the direct relationship between the involved variables.

• must be objective.

• must be testeable and falsifiable

There are different kinds of hypotheses: descriptive, correlative, differentiative, or causative

Question: "Are black-tailed prairie dogs dying to sylvatic plague and causing the population to decline?"

The variables involved in this question are,

                                            population size change

Note: Since I did not find the complete question, I will propose a few potential Hypothesis as examples for you to understand the structure.

Hypothesis:

If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their mortality rate will increase, declining their population size.

If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their survival rate will decrease, declining their population size.

If black-tailed prairie dogs are exposed to sylvatic plague, then their population size will decline.

Another alternative is to think that variables are,

Hypothesis:

If black-tailed prairie dogs are dying to sylvatic plague, then their population size will decline.

Notice that in every case, you can mention first the independent variable and the effect it provokes on the dependent variable.

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1. Remember the peripheral nervous system branch Parasympathetic is involved in functions such as "rest and digest".

2. Cranial and spinal nerve sensory input-->is the infant successfully sleeping or drowsing following food intake?--> Mostly cranial nerve motor output

3. Yes-->all of the above is normal

4. No--> Any of the above could be malfunctioning

What is the peripheral nervous system?

Parts of the nervous system that are not located in the brain and spinal cord are referred to as the peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nerves, neuromuscular connections, spinal nerves, their roots, and branches are all included. Although the anterior horn cells are officially a component of the central nervous system (CNS), because they are a part of the motor unit, they are occasionally addressed with the peripheral nervous system.

Axons, or bundles of nerve fibers, carry information to and from the central nervous system through the peripheral nervous system. The portion of the nervous system responsible for innervating involuntary bodily parts like the heart, smooth muscles, and glands is known as the autonomic nervous system.

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The specific heat capacity of a diamond is 0.508 J/g/°C.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature  of a unit mass of that substance by one degree Celsius.

The specific heat capacity of a substance is calculated from the formula below:

q = mcΔT

where q is the quantity of heat

m is the mass of the substance

c is the specific heat capacity of the substance

ΔT is the temperature change

Making c subject of the formula

c = q/mΔT

From the data provided about the diamond;

q = 4.5 J; m = 0.72 g; ΔT = 12.3 °C (22.3 - 10)

Therefore, specific heat capacity c will be:

c = 4.5/(0.72 * 12.3)

c = 0.508 J/g/°C

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chloride shift

The exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate through tissue capillaries is called the chloride shift.

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Behavioral psychology's foundational ideas include classical and operant conditioning.

The goal of classical conditioning is to establish a connection between a naturally occurring stimulus and a previously neutral stimulus.

As a reaction to the food, this unconditioned stimulus naturally and spontaneously causes salivation, which is referred to as the unconditioned response. The sound of the bell alone will begin to elicit salivation as a response after linking the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Now, the bell's sound is referred to as the conditioned stimulus, and salivating in response to the bell is referred to as the conditioned response.

Operant conditioning, often known as instrumental conditioning, is concerned with utilizing rewards or penalties to either promote or decrease a behavior. As a result of this procedure, a link is established between the action and its results.

Operant conditioning focuses on connecting a voluntary behavior and a reward, whereas classical conditioning links an automatic response to a stimulus.

However Both classical and operant conditioning entail associating behavior with environmental events and are guided by a number of general principles of association. For instance, it is simpler to associate stimuli that are similar to one another and occur at similar periods.

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The characteristic of a phospholipid that contributes to the fluidity of the membrane is the unsaturation of lipids.

Phospholipid is the most common type of lipid present in the plasma membrane. It contains the phosphate group in its polar head. The phospholipids that are present in the membrane are: phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin.

Unsaturation of lipids is the presence of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. One of the fatty acid chain is unsaturated while the other is saturated. This gives a kink in the lipid structure. This kink prevents the tight packing of the lipid in the plasma membrane, thereby contributing in its fluidity.

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Answer:

The three stages of HIV infection are (1) acute HIV infection, (2) chronic HIV infection, and (3) acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Lysosome organelle plays a role in intracellular digestion.

To function, all living things need energy. Cells must not only take molecules from their surroundings but also disassemble them in order to get energy from their external environment. Internal digestion is the term for this process.

Intracellular digestion refers to the process of food digestion that occurs directly inside the cells. Species with only one cell, such as amoebas, experience it.

When food is digested intracellularly, food components are broken down into smaller molecules inside of the cell's food vacuoles. When food is broken down into small molecules through extracellular digestion, it happens outside of the cell, either on decomposing organic matter or in the alimentary canal lumen.

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Answer:

Heat flows from your hand to a soda can

Explanation:

Heat flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature.

If there is an asymmetric charge distribution on a molecule creating a positively charged sector and a negatively charged sector, the type of molecule resulting would be polar.

Asymmetric charge distribution may be defined as a type of dissemination of charges between the molecules of compounds in an irregular pattern or at unequal frequencies.

The characteristic of polar molecules is that they occupy a charge on one side of the molecule. These molecules possess a region of partial charge. One side of these molecules is slightly positive and one side of the molecule is slightly negative.

Therefore, the polar molecules occupy an asymmetric charge distribution on a molecule creating a positively charged sector and a negatively charged sector.

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Chymotrypsin is used for polypeptide cleavage on the C side of Trp, Tyr or Phe.

Other proteins' aromatic C-terminal amino acids are hydrolyzed by it using an active serine residue. The protease enzyme chymotrypsin cleaves peptide chains at the C-terminal phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), and tyrosine (Y) residues.

Since the 1960s, chymotrypsin has been used in clinical settings as an oral proteolytic enzyme preparation. In comparison to a few other enzyme preparations currently on the market, it offers better inflammatory symptom relief and supports a quicker recovery from acute tissue injury.

The inactive monomeric protein chymotrypsinogen, which is produced and secreted by mammalian pancreas, is broken down into chymotrypsin by cleavage of several peptide bonds. As a result, three different polypeptide chains that make up the active enzyme were created.

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Assortative mating is the evolutionary mechanism that changes genotype frequencies but does not change allele frequencies.

Assortative mating is the type where two individuals mate with each other on the basis of their similarities and dissimilarities. This is a different phenomenon than the random mating that occurs by chance. Assortative mating can be used to increase the number of organisms of a population containing a certain trait.

Allele is the alternative form of a gene. It arises due to mutations. A gene can have more than one types of alleles. However, usually a gene only has one allele. The alleles are found at the same location of the homologous chromosomes.

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Operant conditioning which encompasses reinforcement and punishment refers to the process and selective effects of consequence on behavior.

Operant conditioning is the process of learning to behave in a way so that rewards can be obtained and at the same time punishments can be avoided. It is used by humans as well as animals.

The main purpose of operant conditioning is to reinforce required behavior by providing a system of reward and removing undesirable behavior by giving punishments.

It can be divided into positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment & negative punishment.

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At first, we probably can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object.

What is shadow?

When an opaque item blocks light from a light source, it creates a shadow, which is a dark region. It spreads up into the entire three-dimensional space behind a light-emitting device. A shadow's cross section can be thought of as a backward projection of the item that is obstructing the light in 2-D.

We can't see a shadow when we place the object next to the flashlight and not directly into its path of light because light moves in a straight line, the object could not obstruct the light coming from its source because it was not in the direct path of the light. But, once we place the object directly in the path, we should can see a shadow on the wall that had the same shape as the object because the black shadow on the wall was produced when an opaque object was able to obstruct the light coming from the light source.

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A coccus bacterium, such as streptococcus pneumonia, would be round.

Streptococcus pneumonia is a bacteria that causes pneumococcal disease. It is an infectious disease that can spread from one person to another through the means of infected droplets. The primary organs that are affected by this disease are the lungs. The symptoms include short breaths, fever, cough, chest pain, etc. Hearing impairments, brain damage, and even death are also considered in severe cases.

PPSV23 and PCV13 are the vaccines recommended for adults and infants respectively to protect from pneumonia-causing bacteria. People should take precautions while traveling and spending time in crowded areas.

Streptococcus pneumonia is an oval or round-shaped gram-positive bacteria that generally lives in the confidential area of the human body as a pathogen.

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Be using a flow rate that moves 30% to 70% more volume through the cage or chamber each minute precautions need to be taken.

Inhale- To breathe in is to inhale. In contrast to "exhale," which is to breathe out, it is the reverse. Through our lips and nostrils, we take air into our lungs when we inhale, and breathe out again.

Lungs- The two spongy, pinkish-gray organs in our chest are our lungs. Air enters our lungs during inhalation, and oxygen from that air travels to our blood during breathing. Additionally, a waste gas called carbon dioxide travels from the blood to the lungs where it is expelled. 

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A sometimes fatal syndrome, characterized by hypertensive crisis, extreme agitation progressing to delirium, and coma is known as serotonin syndrome.

Serotonin syndrome refers to a group of serious symptoms that may appear as a consequence of more than normal levels of serotonin in the body. It is usually related to an increased usage of medicines that comprise serotonin.

Serotonin is generally involved in the narrowing of the arteries which results in a blood clot to heal wounds. However, increased levels of serotonin as in the case of serotonin syndrome can cause excessive narrowing of the arteries that prompts a severe increase in blood pressure which may result in a hypertensive crisis.

Serotonin is also responsible to manage mood and anxiety. However, an increase in serotonin level may alter the normal mental state which may result in delirium.

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