Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a test that combines radioactive chemicals and antibodies to detect minute quantities of substances in a patient's blood.
In 1959, biophysicist Rosalyn Yalow and physician Solomon A. Berson developed a sensitive method for measuring very small amounts of a substance in the blood called radioimmunoassay (RIA).
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) is a technique that make use of radioisotopes, usually iodine-125, as a tag or label for the detection of antigen. This technique determines the concentration of an antigen based on the competitive binding between radiolabeled and unlabeled antigen for its specific high affinity antibody.
It is very sensitive that it can measure concentrations up to 0.001 μg/ml.
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Human dna has two types of chromosomes. what are these two types, and how do they differ from each other? would you expect both types to appear in the dna you extracted?
Yes, Human DNA have two types of chromosomes that are Autosome and Allosomes/ Heterosomes
Human Chromosomes are Found:
Before cell division, chromosomes are widely distributed and challenging to find. The chromosomes may be observed clearly during cell division, photographed, and their morphology, size, and shape analyzed. Autosomes and sex chromosomes are two groups of chromosomal types. Below is an explanation of these types:
The autosomes
The structures that house the genetic material are called autosomes. They do not include details about reproduction and sex identification. The male and female species of humans are the same in both sexes. In humans, there are 46 (2n) chromosomes. There are 44 pairs of autosomes among the 46 chromosomes, and they each provide data on the phenotypic traits.
Heterosomes and allosomes
The size, shape, and behavior of the sex chromosomes known as allosomes differ from those of autosomes. In humans, there are two allosomes. The sperm can include either the X or Y chromosome, and the X chromosomes are present in the ovum. These chromosomes aid in determining the progeny's sex. If both the mother and the father contributed an X chromosome, the child would be female (XX). A male child is born if the offspring inherits one X chromosome and one Y chromosome from the parents (XY). Simply said, the father's donation of an X or Y chromosome aids in determining the gender of the child.
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Calculate the carrying capacity for this deer population based off the information given on this chart.
Thank you
Answer:
too small
Explanation:
Identify the process or environment in this list that is not affected by microorganisms
In this list, the process or environment that is not affected by microorganisms.
a. oxygen cycles
What connection exists between bacteria and the oxygen cycle?
The connection between water contamination and the oxygen cycle in microorganisms is a final example. Nutrients that are normally abundant in polluted water will encourage the rapid growth of bacteria and other organisms. As they grow, the oxygen in the water is depleted.
b. global temps
The nitrogen and carbon cycles are just two of the many environmental processes that microbes are involved in. They are prevalent in almost every habitat, including the air, soil, the bottom of the deepest oceans, far below the Earth's surface, and settings with a wide variety of pressure, temperature, and chemical composition.
c. human health
Numerous mechanisms exist through which microorganisms can have an effect on human health. Pathogen-related molecular patterns are the main microbial elements associated with human health (PAMPs).
e. all have microbial involvement
correct:
all have microbial involvement
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The p in ph stand for the german word potenz, witch means "power" or "potential." the h represnts hygrogen ions. how are these related to the definition of ph
Answer:
The answer is following:
Explanation:
The definition of pH is "power of hydrogen ions," as stated above.
An indicator of a solution's acidity is its hydrogen ion percentage. A much more acidic solution is indicated by a greater concentration.
The pH equation is
pH = -log(H+)
In this way, pH serves as a measurement for hydrogen ions.
The hydrogen ion potential increases with increasing pH negativity. Hydrogen is the meaning of the H in pH. However, there is significant disagreement regarding what the p stands for. According to the Carlsberg Foundation, pH stands for "power of hydrogen." The French argue that it is their term for power, puissance, while German scientists assert that it refers for Potenz, which also means power. According to ancient Romans, the word is pondus hydrogen (Latin for "amount of hydrogen"). The British would say that the possible hydrogen is the only complexity involved.
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How many charged groups do all isolated amino acids have at physiological ph?
a. more than 1
b. more than 2
c. not all amino acids are charged
The charged groups all isolated amino acids have at physiological ph are option(a) i.e, more than 1.
Organic substances known as amino acids have both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although there are hundreds of different amino acids in nature, proteins, which are made up of alpha-amino acids, are by far the most common. In the genetic code, only 22 alpha amino acids are present. Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine, cysteine, tyrosine, histidine, and arginine are the 12 amino acids in question.
The body needs amino acids for a variety of processes, such as protein synthesis, tissue repair, and nutrition absorption. Some may also enhance post-operative recovery, improve mood, sleep, and athletic performance, as well as prevent muscle loss.
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You have a culture of bacteria that you suspect is either staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes. is there any morphological difference between the two?
Yes. Staphylococcus aureus differs from Staphylococcus pyogenes because it grows in clusters, whereas Chain-like growth.
Although all infections have the potential to be dangerous, Staphylococcus is associated in the microbiological literature. Staphylococcus aureus tends to cause more widespread illness, such as the development of abscesses and purulent discharge. Between erysipelas to necrotizing fasciitis, Staphylococcus pyogenes has been associated to a wide range of illnesses.
In order to distinguish between staphylococci that are catalase positive and catalase negative, the catalase test is crucial. Agar slants or broth cultures are flooded with several drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide to conduct the test. Cultures that have catalase immediately bubble. Gram-positive cocci include streptococci and staphylococci. Streptococci develop in chains, whereas Staphylococci form clumps. Because Staphylococci may make catalase, they can be distinguished using the catalase test.
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The name that the manufacturer uses in marketing a drug is called the _____ name.
Please help asap i need HELP ☹
Answer:
300 m³
Explanation:
Given that,
→ L = 12 m
→ W = 5 m
→ H = 5 m
The formula we use,
→ V = L × W × H
Now the volume of swimming pool is,
→ L × W × H
→ 12 × 5 × 5
→ 12 × 25
→ 300 m³
Hence, the volume is 300 m³.
Vitamin ____ is necessary for vision, bone growth and maintenance of epithelial cells.
Vitamin A is necessary for vision, bone growth, and maintenance of epithelial cells.
We can define vitamins as micronutrients that perform various important functions in the body. Vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body of a person and hence are derived from the diet of a person.
Vitamin A is present in many foods and it is a fat-soluble vitamin. Vitamin A helps the body in various functions such as improving vision, helping the immune system, growth of bones, maintenance of cells etc.
Certain foods contain carotenoids in them. A person's body has the ability to convert these carotenoids into Vitamin A which is then used by the body for various functions. Some preformed sources of Vitamin A include dairy products and eggs.
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Which immune component is deficient in a child who has a congenital immunodeficiency that impairs b lymphocyte function?
Neutrophils component is deficient in a child who has a congenital immunodeficiency that impairs B lymphocyte function.
Neutrophils- A specific kind of white blood cell that aids in the body's defense against infection and is crucial to the immune system. White blood cells are one of the initial immune cells to react when bacteria or viruses enter the body.
B Lymphocytes- By generating antibodies, B cells are essential for pathogen-specific immunity. Immunoglobulins attached to the surface of B lymphocytes allow them to identify soluble antigens, causing them to develop into plasma cells, which can secrete immunoglobulins and produce antibodies. Primary lymphoid tissues include lymphocytes.
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Why other species of shellfish that existed around the same period of time are not considered index fossils
Other shellfish were not as widespread as ammonites.
What is shellfish?Crustaceans and mollusks are marine animals that fall under the category of shellfish. Examples include snails, shrimp, crabs, lobster, squid, oysters, and crabs. An allergy to shellfish is rather frequent. While some persons with shellfish allergies react to all shellfish, others just to specific varieties.
What is the difference between shellfish and fish?Fish and shellfish vary primarily in that fish have bones while shellfish are invertebrates without bones. In order to sustain their survival, they also have organs and means of movement.
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A large molecule that consists of many identical or similar subunits, such as protein, dna, or starch is a(n)?
The nutrition facts panel on a box of crackers indicates that one serving provides 140 calories, with 55 calories coming from fat. calculate the percentage of calories from fat in this product.
The nutrition facts panel on a box of crackers indicates that one serving provides 140 calories, with 55 calories coming from fat which leads to the percentage of 39%.
The formula to calculate the percentage of fat is,
[tex]\frac{55}{140}[/tex] x 100 = 39%Calories- A calorie is a unit of measurement for the amount of energy included in food; more precisely, it is the amount of heat required to elevate one kilogram or one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Five calories are required to raise a kg of water by one degree Celsius, as an instance of a calorie.
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Nonrenewable resources are used much more prevalently today despite knowing that they pollute and will run out in the future. why then are we not using more renewable resources?
We are not using more renewable resources because we have been using fossil fuels since the 18th century and renewable resources are comparatively new. Also, we have limited knowledge about them, so it will take time to change our mindset toward renewable resources.
Based on exhaustibility, there are mainly two types of resources, renewable resources, and non-renewable resources.
Renewable resources are those resources that are replenished while non-renewable resources are those resources that are not replenished.
The non-renewable resources take millions of years to form and once exhausted they cannot be made more.
Examples of renewable resources are solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, etc. while examples of non-renewable resources are fossil fuels like coal and petroleum, metals, etc.
Despite the fact that the supply of non-renewable resources like coal and petroleum is limited and they also cause pollution, the use of them is rampant around the world.
The use of fossil fuels is widespread because we have been using them since the 18th century and the use of renewable resources is a very recent phenomenon.
Also, a major hurdle for using renewable resources is the upgrading of current technology to harness these resources.
The newer technologies are generally more expensive to employ, for example, the solar cells used for storing solar energy are made up of elements like silicon, silver, and gallium which are expensive.
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Milady what bacteria generally consist of an outer cell wall containing a liquid called?
The outer cell wall in bacteria that consist of a cell wall is called protoplasm.
What is a bacterial cell wall?For the majority of bacteria, the maintenance of cell shape and structural integrity depends on the intricate, mesh-like structure of the bacterial cell wall. Due to its importance for most bacteria and absence in eukaryotes, the cell wall has historically attracted a great lot of study attention.
This makes it a prime candidate for some of our most potent antibiotics. Bacterial cell wall fragments may also have immunostimulatory and cytotoxic capabilities, which makes them significant players in disease pathogenesis. The majority of the cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan (PG), a network of polysaccharide strands that are cross-linked by short peptide bridges coupled to the MurNAc residues and have a poly-[N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc)] backbone.
Therefore, protoplasm is the outer cell wall in the bacteria consisting of a liquid.
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The body adapting to a gradual increase in the amount of exercise is the definition of which aspect of exercising?
According to the research, the correct option is progressive overload. The body adapting to a gradual increase in the amount of exercise is the definition of progressive overload.
What is progressive overload?It refers to a type of training designed to gradually improve or increase athletic performance over time by increasing the difficulty of the training either by gradually increasing the weight with the same repetitions.
In this sense, to increase any parameter of physical conditioning (strength, size, resistance) the weight of the loads, the number of series or the number of training sessions must be increased and the body must be adapted and conditioned.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, the correct option is progressive overload. The body adapting to a gradual increase in the amount of exercise is the definition of progressive overload.
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What process allows for the production of molecule b from a template consisting of molecule a?
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template.
What is transcription?Transcription involves the copying of a DNA fragment into RNA.. Messenger RNA is the term for DNA segments that are translated into RNA molecules that can encode proteins. Non-coding RNAs are RNA molecules that contain copies of other DNA sequences. Even with the most sensitive approaches, mRNA, which makes up only 1%–3% of total RNA samples, cannot be easily detected. Less than 2% of the human genome can be transcribed into mRNA, but at least 80% of mammalian genomic DNA can be actively transcribed (in one or more types of cells), with the majority of this 80% being ncRNA. Despite this, the general preponderance of mRNA in cells is valid.Learn more about the Transcription with the help of the given link:
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Most soil profiles have 3 different horizons. What are they?
Answer:
Most soils have three major horizons -- the surface horizon (A), the subsoil (B), and the substratum (C).
Which kill signal terminates a process by taking the process information in memory and saving it to a file called core on the hard disk in the current working directory?
Answer:
A process is terminated by the SIGQUIT Kill signal by storing the process memory information toward a file on the hard drive named core in the currently active directory. These signals SIGTERM, as well as SIGQUIT,as well as SIGQUIT, are used to end processes. In this instance, we particularly ask that it be completed. When we employ the kill command, the default signal is SIGTERM. All signals automatically end the procedure as its default response. SIGQUIT, though, also creates a core dump just before terminating. The signal is sent to all of the activities in the group if indeed the PID is negative then use the positive sign as a process ID SIGINT signals are sent using control + c. The signal produced by the keyboard is transmitted to the whole foreground process group.
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Approximately 1% of the solar radiation that strikes a plant is converted into the chemical bond energy of sugars. Why is this amount so low?
Approximately 1% of the solar radiation that strikes a plant is converted into the chemical bond energy of sugars. The amount is so low because only 1% of visible light wavelengths are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.
What is photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is the process in which green plants prepare their own food in the presence of sunlight and light energy is converted into chemical energy by the process of cellular respiration.
The process of photosynthesis takes place in green plants only due to presence of chlorophyll and materials such as sunlight, water, carbon dioxide is required for the process of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is the green color pigment present in the plants and due to presence of chlorophyll the color of plant is green.
The equation of photosynthesis is represented below:
[tex]6CO2+ 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6O2[/tex]
Therefore, Approximately 1% of the solar radiation that strikes a plant is converted into the chemical bond energy of sugars. The amount is so low because only 1% of visible light wavelengths are absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.
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In terms of fatalities, the most dangerous natural disasters are caused by ____.
In terms of fatalities, the most dangerous natural disasters are caused by long term weather patterns that causes droughts.
A drought is a prolonged period of unusually dry weather caused by a lack of rain. A lack of precipitation can cause a number of issues for local communities, such as crop damage and a lack of drinking water.
Drought and certain weather patterns have been linked by geologists. A weather pattern reveals where the temperature of the surface water in the Pacific Ocean rises along the central South American coast. Warmer waters influence storm patterns and are linked to droughts.
When the temperature of the Pacific Ocean's surface water along South America's coast falls. The cooler waters influence storm patterns by causing drier-than-normal conditions. As a result, climate/weather change increases the chances of drought worsening in many parts of the world.
How drought is impacted by climate change?
Warmer temperatures accelerate evaporation, which decreases surface water and dries out the soil and vegetation. Low precipitation periods become drier as a result, as opposed to when it is cooler. Affected areas are becoming drier as a result of climate change's timing changes for water availability.
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Which type of basic nursing education program graduates the largest number of rns?
Associate degree programs graduate the most nurses today
What is the role of a nurse?Nurses plan and provide medical and nursing care to patients in hospital, at home or in other settings who are suffering from chronic or acute physical or mental ill health. A caring and compassionate nature, and the ability to deal with emotionally charged and pressured situations are important traits of a nurse.
How many types of nurses are there?O.T. Ophthalmic Nursing.Leprosy Nursing.TB Nursing.Psychiatric Nursing.Neurological and Neuro surgical Nursing.Community Health Nursing.Cancer Nursing..What kind of degree is nursing?Following the 12th grade, students can enroll in one of three nursing programs: ANM, GNM, or BSc Nursing. Each has advantages and drawbacks of their own.
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Which type of tissue, in the circulatory system, is involved in regulating airflow to alveoli?
Answer:
answer is the smooth muscle
Explanation:
the smooth muscle is involved in regulating airflow and alveoli
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose as a result of large cells engulfing smaller, aerobic bacteria. the organelle that provides evidence for this theory is?
The endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells arose as a result of large cells engulfing smaller, aerobic bacteria. The organelle that provides evidence for this theory is mitochondria.
Endosymbiotic theory says that some of the organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from the prokaryotic creatures. Mitochondria and chloroplast are some organelles. The evidence for the theory was given by the technique gene sequencing.
Mitochondria is the double membranous cell organelle. The inner membrane is folded into finger-like projections called cristae. These increase to surface area of mitochondria to produce maximum amount of ATP. The mitochondria has its own DNA which is circular in structure and this gives the evidence for endosymbiotic theory.
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Taxol is a chemotherapeutic drug that will attach to the spindle fibers and prevent their function thereby killing the cancer cell. which process does this drug prevent from occurring?
Taxol is a chemotherapeutic drug that will attach to the spindle fibers and prevent their function thereby killing the cancer cell. The Anaphase process is avoided from occurring by this drug.
What is Taxol?Taxol (chemical name: paclitaxel) is a anti-cancer chemotherapy drug used to treat cancer, blocks cancer cell growth by stopping cell division, resulting in cell death. It is used in treatment of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma.
Taxol interferes with anaphase process by inhibiting the shortening of the microtubules attached to the sister chromatids, so the chromatids do not separate and hence, will not move to the ends of the cells. Ultimately the cell division does not take place.
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Which virulence factor is a substance that directly damages cell membranes or enters cells and changes their function?
Exotoxin virulence factor is a substance that directly damages cell membranes or enters cells and changes their function.
Exotoxin- Exotoxins are a class of soluble proteins released by bacteria that enter host cells and catalyze the covalent alteration of one or more components of the host cell in order to change the physiology of the host cell. Exotoxins are produced by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Bacteria- Microorganisms that are unicellular, capable of autonomous reproduction, and generally free-living are known as bacteria. In nature, bacteria are found everywhere. The foundation of all life on earth, they are architecturally basic but functionally sophisticated creatures.
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Different chemical elements will create a different scattering of absorption lines in the spectrum of visible light. We understand the interaction of an atom with light, and because of this we can predict where the lines should be and verify this in a lab. This process is called?
A. Astronomy
b.Nucleosynthesis
c.Spectroscopy
d. Star formation
Chemists research the interactions of many types of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules. The term "spectroscopy" refers to this interaction.
Because various elements have varying quantities of protons and varied numbers and configurations of electrons, they also have different spectra. The variations in spectra are a result of the energy that atoms absorb or emit as their electrons shift between different energy levels. A transition from ground state or lower-energy excited state to a greater excited state can occur as a result of an atom's ability to absorb light of a certain energy. As a result, an element's emission spectrum is converted into an absorption spectrum, which contains dark lines aligned with brilliant lines. Chemists research the interactions of many types of electromagnetic radiation with atoms and molecules. The term "spectroscopy" refers to this interaction. Ordinary stars like the Sun have absorption lines in their spectra because some of the continuous light emanating from the hot, dense interior is absorbed by the fragile outer layers of the stellar atmosphere, known as the photosphere.Learn more about spectroscopy here:
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Which of these provides your body with energy? minerals fats oxygen vitamins light
Our body gets energy from fats among the following options.
Our body uses glucose as its main energy source. Other sources of energy contain proteins as well as lipids.
To maintain the body's essential functions, very little in the way of minerals is needed.
In the process of respiration, oxygen is crucial. Energy must be released in order for glucose to also break down.
Vitamins are essential for functioning like fighting infection, wound healing, making our bones strong and regulating hormones.
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At fuyan cave in southern china, paleoanthropologists found 47 adult teeth associated with cave formations dated to between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago. fuyan cave is most likely the?
Fuyan cave is most likely the oldest-known modern human site in China.
Fuyan caves are limestone caves present in Hunan Province of Southern China. These caves came to fame due to the discovery of modern humans. The discovered teeth were thought oldest modern humans, which were discovered at site other than Africa. Additional proof of the facts associated with discovery was presence of cavities in those teeth.
To find the age of those teeth, the stagalamites present above the regions of discovery of teeth were dated. The results indicated them to be 80,000 years old, confirming the age of teeth to be same. Though humans discovered this cave in 1984, but, the excavation was performed in the year 2011. It was also excavated in year 2013.
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What would happen to both acid-fast and non acid-fast cells if no heat was used in the staining procedure?
When both acid-fast and non-acid-fast cells if no heat was used in the staining procedure the cell wall becomes hydrophobic and impermeable. It happens because most stains and chemicals in aqueous material are in the absence of heat due to the waxy, destructive structure. It's possible that we neglected to heat the solution or decolored it excessively.
Acid fast stains are used to differentiate acid-fast organisms such as mycobacteria. Mycolic acids make up a large portion of the cell walls of acid-fast bacteria. Nonacid-fast bacteria will stain blue/green with the Kinyoun stain, while acid-fast bacteria will stain red. Non-acid fast bacteria are those that decolorize and lose their carbol fuchsin red color.
The primary difference between acid-fast and nonacid-fast bacteria is that acid-fast bacteria resist decolorizing by acid after receiving a stain whereas non-acid-fast bacteria are readily decolorized by acid after staining.
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