Peptidoglycan is a compound in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments that provide the main sources of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.
Peptidoglycan is a stiff coat that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria. It protects bacterial cells from environmental stress and maintains cell shape throughout their life cycle. Hence, it provides the main source of structural support to the bacterial cell wall.
By encasing the cytoplasmic membrane of most bacteria, peptidoglycan is responsible for osmotic stability. It is a one-of-a-kind, net-like polymer composed of glycan strands that are connected together by peculiar peptides. The structure of bacterial peptidoglycan varies greatly due to changes in amino acid sequence, cross-link types, and the presence or absence of secondary modifications in both the glycan strands and peptides.
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When a person is in a state of fear, the hormone epinephrine is released. This stimulates the activation of energy-generating catabolic pathways in order to provide the body with energy for a response to danger. How would that be helpful to a person who encounters a lion?.
The release of the hormone epinephrine will be helpful to a person who encounters a lion because it will lead to the supply of more energy to the muscles in the body and increased blood supply due to which the person can run away from the place of danger to a safe place.
The adrenal gland is a part of the endocrine system of the body.
It consists of two parts- the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones- adrenaline/epinephrine and noradrenaline/norepinephrine.
These hormones are released in response to any stressful situation and during emergency conditions, so they are called emergency hormones or hormones of Fight or Flight.
These hormones have the following effects on the body:-
They increase alertness.
They increase the heartbeat, the strength of contraction of the heart, and also the respiratory rate.
They also stimulate the activation of energy-generating catabolic pathways.
The above-mentioned effects help a person to escape a stressful situation.
Thus, the release of the hormone epinephrine will be helpful to a person who encounters a lion because it will lead to the supply of more energy to the muscles in the body and increased blood supply due to which the person can run away from the place of danger to a safe place.
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Which of the following is true about an electric current moving through a wire in a circuit?
A.
It generates the most energy when the circuit is open.
B.
It must be in contact with objects to make them move.
C.
It can produce a force on a nearby magnet.
Aubrey was born with a disorder that interferes with her body‘s metabolism. how will this type of disorder most likely affect aubrey‘s body?
These procedures comprise those that digest the nutrients in Aubrey meals as well as those that help our bodies grow and heal.
What are some conditions and diseases that affects the metabolism?The conditions and diseases that affects the metabolismhypercholesterolemia in families.Gaucher illnessHunter disease.Krabbe disease.Urinary maple syrup diseaseMolecular leukodystrophyStroke-like events, lactic acidosis, and mitochondrial encephalopathy (MELAS)Niemann-Pick.
The term "inherited metabolic diseases" refers to a variety of medical illnesses that are brought on by genetic flaws that interfere with the body's metabolism and are typically inherited from both parents. These issues might also be referred to as inborn metabolic errors.
Additionally, some chemical reactions convert compounds that your body lacks or breaks down those it no longer requires.
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How does the shape of red blood cells best represent the relationship between structure and function?
A purple blood mobileular has what's referred to as a biconcave form. Both facets of the mobileular's floor curve inward just like the indoors of a sphere. The shape is known as biconcave disk.
This form aids in a purple blood mobileular's cappotential to move via tiny blood vessels to supply oxygen to organs and tissues.The round erythrocyte is synthesized with inside the bone marrow with inside the mammals that's biconcave in shape.
After synthesis, the nucleus is eliminated through the manner known as nucleation. The absence of a nucleus lets in the crimson blood cells to incorporate greater hemoglobin and as a result convey greater oxygen.
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Fluid first enters the nephron as __________, and the fluid that leaves the nephron and enters the ureters is __________.
The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle or glomerular capsule, and the renal tubule.
The renal corpuscle is?A renal corpuscle—also called a malpighian body—is the portion of the kidney's nephron that filters blood. A glomerulus, or group of endothelial-cell-lined capillaries, and a glomerular capsule, also known as Bowman's capsule, make up the structure.
The glomerular capsule is the first part of the nephron to filter substances out of the blood and into the renal corpuscle.
The glomerulus is encased in a cup-shaped sack called Bowman's capsule, which is a component of the nephron. The "Bowman's space" in Bowman's capsule, which is connected to the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron and serves as the start of the urinary space, is enclosed.
As blood enters the Bowman's capsule in the nephrons, excess fluids including water, salt, and metabolic waste products are drawn out of the blood. Glialular filtrate is the name of the fluid found in the Bowman's capsule. Except that it contains almost no protein, it is comparable to blood plasma.
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Distended neck veins, difficulty breathing, cough, severe headache, and tachycardia represent which type of blood transfusion reaction?
. About how long ago did Archimedes live?
A. 2,260 years ago
B. 2,000 years ago
C. 250 years ago
D. 2,000,000 years ago
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The algae beads provide a convenient experimental system because they are uniform in size and contain roughly the same number of algal cells per bead. Why are these advantages for the experiments you will perform?
Answer:
We will be measuring rates of photosynthesis and cellular respiration and these rates will depend on the number of organelles, or cells, that we use. The algae beads are easy to see, manipulate, and count. A consistent number of beads queal a consistent number of alga cells.
Explanation:
A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring is:______
A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring is called species.
What is species?
A species is an organism's fundamental unit of classification, taxonomic rank, and biodiversity. A species is the largest collection of organisms in which any two people of the appropriate sexes or mating types can conceive a fertile offspring, typically through sexual reproduction. All species are given a two-part name, or "binomial," with the exception of viruses. The genus to which the species belongs is the first component of a binomial. The specific name or specific epithet is the second component (in botanical nomenclature, also sometimes in zoological nomenclature). For instance, the Boa constrictor is a species of the genus Boa, and constrictor is its epithet.Learn more about the Nomenclature with the help of the given link:
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What elements were formed during the process of nuclear fusion in stars and supernova?
In the centres of most stars, lighter elements like hydrogen and helium are fused to form the most prevalent elements, such as carbon and nitrogen. However, only large stars that die in supernova explosions may produce the strongest elements, including iron.
Large nuclear reactors make up stars. Massive atomic collisions that tear apart atoms in the centre of stars change their atomic structure and unleash a great amount of energy. The result is hot and brilliant stars. Stars are powered by nuclear fusion, an atomic reaction. Because they are so strong, supernovae produce brand-new atomic nuclei. When a big star collapses, a shockwave is created that may trigger fusion reactions in the star's outer shell. Nucleosynthesis, a process that results from these fusion processes, produces fresh atomic nuclei.
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Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue? arterioles and capillaries capillaries and venules muscular arteries and arterioles venules and veins
Capillaries and venules
Capillaries and venules are the blood vessels that lack elastic tissue.
The smallest veins, called venules, take blood from capillaries. They contribute to the exchange of nutrients and oxygen for water-based products. Between the capillaries and the venules are post-capillary sphincters. Due to its extremely thin wall and susceptibility to rupture when overloaded, the venule.What branch are capillaries and venules?The smallest blood vessels, known as arterioles, eventually branch out to form tiny capillaries, which are where nutrients and wastes are exchanged. Venules are then formed, which are tiny blood vessels that transport blood to veins, which are larger blood vessels that bring blood back to the heart.Do capillaries have venules that empty blood?In a tissue, capillary clusters come together to form venules, which are tiny veins. Blood is drawn from capillaries by venules, which then enter veins.To learn more about capillaries visit:
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Animals, plants, and fungi are all multicellular eukaryotes. What unifying characteristics distinguish animals from members of these other two kingdoms?
please help me with this question
Animals, Plants, and Fungi are multicellular, meaning that they have more than one cell in their body. Each cell also has a nucleus in it, a property which the other two kingdoms, Bacteria and Eubacteria don't have.
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Which solution (s) is/are hypotonic? Check all that apply.
iodine
distilled water
0.85% normal saline
water from Elodea dish
10% saline
The solution which is hypotonic is referred to as 0.85% normal saline and is denoted as option C.
What is a Hypotonic solution?This is referred to as a type of solution which has a lower amount of solutes when compared to other solution and also has a lower osmotic pressure than another solution when comparison is done.
On thew other hand, hypertonic solution has a higher amount of solutes when compared to other solution and an example is 10% saline which means Sodium chloride is more abundant in the solution.
Examples of hypotonic solution include 0.85% normal saline while isotonic solution has same or equal concentration and examples include iodine,distilled water etc which is therefore the reason why option C was chosen as the correct option.
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The discovery of ribozymes provide evidence that life on the early earth may have been based on:________
The discovery of ribozymes provide evidence that life on the early earth may have been based on RNA.
Ribozymes are the RNA molecules with the capability of performing catalysis. They are, therefore, also called catalytic RNA. Ribozymes are present in ribosomes where the catalyze the joining of amino acids to form polypeptides.
RNA is the transcript of DNA. These are usually single-stranded structures. There are majorly three types of RNA: m-RNA, t-RNA and r-RNA. The difference from DNA is that in RNA, ribose sugar is present instead of deoxyribose and it consists of uracil as the nucleotide. Translation of m-RMA forms the protein.
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What were the three key observations made by darwin that allowed him to deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution?.
The three point which deduce that natural selection is a primary driver of evolution are:
More offspring are produced than survive by organisms.Population members differ from one another, andThe relative frequency of advantageous variants rises with time.Natural Selection- An evolutionary mechanism is natural selection. Environment-adapted organisms have a higher chance of surviving and dispersing the genes that contributed to their success. Over time, this mechanism leads to the evolution and divergence of species.
Genes- The fundamental genetic component transferred from parent to child. Genes are composed of DNA sequences and are organized sequentially at specified sites on chromosomes in the cell nucleus.
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The cori cycle involves formation of glucose made by gluconeogenesis in the liver from lactic acid produced by fermentation in skeletal muscles. true false
The cori cycle involves formation of glucose made by gluconeogenesis in the liver from lactic acid produced by fermentation in skeletal muscles.- True.
Gluconeogenesis is the process of formation of glucose from non carbohydrate sources like amino acids, glycerol and lactate.
The process fermentation occurs in the muscles when it is working continuously and anaerobic condition occurs and lactate is produced.
Cori cycle is a metabolic pathway present in our body in which their is conversion of lactate produced by the muscles back into glucose in the liver and is transported back to the muscle for utilization.
It usually occurs when is muscle to doing heavy work in anaerobic condition.
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How does the bottleneck effect undermine the effort of conservation biologists who are trying to save species nearing extinction?.
The bottleneck effect undermines the effort of conservation biologists who are trying to protect species nearing extinction by events such as floods, earthquakes, human habitat devastation, and drought can cause a population to drastically decline.
The bottleneck effect can undermine the conservation of efforts of biologists who saves species near extinction when the population’s size is drastically reduced due to environmental factors including starvation, earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, and droughts as well as human behaviors like speculative killing, widespread violence or planned to cull, and human population control. As a result, a smaller population with less genetic diversity is left to transmit genes to future generations of offspring through sexual reproduction.
Such events can reduce the variation in a population’s gene pool. Genetic diversity continues to be reduced, only gradually rising over time when random mutations take place or only when gene flow from another group happens.
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When electrons are removed from a food molecule, the molecule is? a. conducting an endergonic reaction. b. polymerized. c. in equilibrium. d. reduced. e. oxidized.
When electrons are removed from a food molecule, the molecule is (e) oxidized.
Electrons are the sub-atomic particles that surround the nucleus in an atom. The charge of an electron is e = 1.60217663 × 10-19 coulombs. The electrons are negatively charged, They can occur in free state as well. Electron itself is made of quanta of energy.
Oxidation is gain of oxygen atom. However, for being oxidized, not always oxygen has to be gained. The loss of electrons is also oxidation. This results in the increase in oxidation state. Loss of hydrogen atom is also oxidation. For example formation of magnesium oxide involves oxidation of magnesium.
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Amino acids that must be obtained through food and cannot be synthesized in the body are called?
Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called , in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.
Scientists have proposed that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose by a process called Endosymbiosis, in which a smaller cell comes to live inside a larger cell.
Endosymbiosis is a symbiotic connection in which one organism lives inside the other. The term "primary endosymbiosis" describes the first time an ancient eukaryotic cell internalized prokaryotes, giving rise to the mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Symbiotic- A tight ecological link between members of two (or more) distinct species is known as symbiosis. One species may gain from a symbiotic connection at the expense of the other, or both species may benefit only sometimes. The most famous example of symbiotic relationship is Lichen.
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Tetraploidy may result from:____.
a. lack of cytokinesis in meiosis ii
b. nondisjunction in meiosis i
c. lack of cytokinesis in mitosis
d. nondisjunction in mitosis in the early embryo
e. none of these
Tetraploidy may result from
(c)lack of cytokinesis in mitosis and
(d) nondisjunction in mitosis in the early embryo.
What exactly are tetraploidy and triploidy? Tetraploids are they fertile?Triploidy happens quite frequently, whereas tetraploidy is an uncommon chromosomal anomaly. In the first trimester, the majority of triploid embryos miscarry. The conceptus has a triploid karyotype in about 20% of first-trimester spontaneous abortions, according to the research. Chromosome duplication in a somatic cell of an early cleavage-stage embryo, a postzygotic event, is the most likely cause of tetraploidy. A rare diploid ovum may be fertilised by a similarly rare unreduced sperm.
Although the tetraploid form on the left is self-fertile, crosses with the parent diploid form result in sterility. It might then be broadly regarded as a new species, or at the very least the building blocks for the eventual emergence of a new species.
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The number of deltas found in an arch pattern is _____ the number of deltas found in a loop pattern.
In a fingerprint, the number of deltas found in an arch pattern is less than the number of deltas found in a loop pattern.
A fingerprint is a detailed pattern of friction ridges comprised of low points called valleys or depression and high points called ridges that can be found on our hands, feet and toes. The ridges and valleys combine to form a unique pattern on the fingertips called prints. Fingerprints can be classified into three patterns: loop, arch and whorl.
All fingerprints contain a core and a delta. The core is found in the approximate center of the print. The delta is the point where the ridges form a triangular shape, usually in front of the core.
A fingerprint with an arch pattern usually has no delta, while loop patterns have one delta. The whorl pattern has two deltas.
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When the art of one age has so defined the characteristics of human beings that it can speak eloquently to another age, we call this ________.
When the art of one age has so defined the characteristics of human beings that it can speak eloquently to another age, we call this universal. The most numerous and ubiquitous species of primates, humans (Homo sapiens) are distinguished by their bipedalism and enormous, complex brains. This has made it possible for the advancement of culture, language, and tools.
Humans are highly social creatures who want to live in elaborate social systems made up of a variety of coexisting and conflicting groupings, ranging from families and kinship networks to political states. Human social interactions have produced a vast range of values, social conventions, and eloquently that support human society.
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During osmosis, water diffuses across a selectively permeable membrane from the region of higher.
In osmosis, water moves from their region of higher concentration to lower concentration, through selectively- permeable membrane.
This process takes place until the concentration is equal or it reached equilibrium. The movement of nutrients and the discharge of metabolic waste products are both influenced by osmosis. It Is in charge of absorbing water from the soil and transferring it through the xylem to the plant’s upper portions.
There are three types of osmotic solution, they are:-
Isotonic solutionHypertonic solutionHypotonic solutionWhen a semipermeable membrane separates a solution from pure water, the pressure that must be supplied to the solution side to cease fluid movement is known as osmotic pressure.
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What kind of protein structure is achieved when alpha-helical or beta-pleated regions of the polypeptide chain fold upon one another to produce a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule?
When alpha-helical or beta-pleated sections of the polypeptide chain fold over one another to form a compact ball-like, or globular, molecule, the protein structure is said to be tertiary.
What section of the polypeptide chain results in the formation of the alpha-helix or beta pleated sheets?The bonds that occur between every fourth amino acid in the alpha helix twist the chain of amino acids. The "pleats" in the -pleated sheet are created by hydrogen bonds forming between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone.
Beta-Pleated sheets and alpha-Helixes are examples of a protein's secondary structure. Both of them are created by hydrogen bonds between the amino H and carbonyl O of different amino acids.
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What will happen with regard to eutrophication in an area that has a large impermeable surface?
The correct answer is eutrophication.
Eutrophication is an improvement of the water caused by nutritional salts that causes some restructuring of the ecosystem, including increased growth of algae, fish species extinction, general worsening of water quality, and other negative impacts that discourage and limit the use of water.
The majority of water bodies are susceptible to the gradual and natural eutrophication process, but owing to human activity, it is happening more quickly presently. We refer to this as cultural eutrophication.
Unwanted effects and environmental inequities are created when this eutrophication process is very vigorous.
noxious smells caused by decaying organic materials that are resistant to chlorination in drinking water.Reduction in fish quality generating loss on fishing.potential harm to the water supply.Bathing in lakes where particular algae are present can be risky and cause skin discomfort.reduction in oxygen content, especially near the lake's bottom throughout the summer and the tail end of the fall season.To learn more about Eutrophication refer the link:
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Which of your specimens (bacteria, algae, fungi or protozoa) was largest when viewed through the microscope?
Fungi specimen will be the largest when viewed through Microscope.
Fungi- Any of the about 144,000 species of fungi, which also includes yeasts, rusts, slime molds, mildews, and mushrooms. Additionally, there are several fungus-like species that do not actually belong to the kingdom Fungi but are frequently referred to as fungi, such as slime molds and oomycetes (water molds).
Microscope- It describes an optical device that enlarges an item using a lens or combination of lenses. They aid in viewing many creatures as well.
Lens- A piece of glass, or another transparent substance, having curved sides used alone (as in a magnifying glass) or in combination as in a telescope or microscope.
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Choose the correct scientific name for a microbial species. multiple choice
a. staphylococcus aureus
b. streptococcus pyogenes
c. klebsiella pneumoniae
d. escherichia coli
streptococcus pyogenes is the correct scientific name for a microbial species.
A species of aerotolerant, gram-positive bacteria belonging to the genus Streptococcus is called Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria are extracellular and composed of cocci (round cells), which are not spore-producing or motile and frequently form chains. Since they are a rare but typically pathogenic component of the skin microbiota that can result in Group A streptococcal infection, they are clinically significant for humans. According to the type of hemolysis performed on blood agar, they are separated into three groups: beta-hemolytic (full red cell lysis), a hemolytic (green hemolysis), and gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). A specific type of bacteria, such as staphylococcus aureus, klebsiella pneumoniae, and escherichia coli, causes a particular disease.
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The ash clears and several months go by. What do you think will happen to your ecosystem?
The scientist who formulated the three laws of planetary motion by analyzing the data on the precise location of planets in the sky was:________
The scientist who formulated the three laws of planetary motion by analyzing the data on the precise location of planets in the sky was: Johannes Kepler
What was the finding of Johann Kepler?German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Kepler made the discovery that the Earth and planets had elliptical orbits around the sun. He listed the three guiding principles of planetary motion.
Planets circle the sun in an elliptical pattern, which is explained by Kepler's first rule, sometimes known as the law of ellipses. A pencil, two tacks, a rope, a sheet of paper, and a piece of cardboard may all be used to create an ellipse.
According to Kepler's second rule, a planet travels in its orbit so that a line drawn between it and the Sun and focused on it covers the same amount of space in the same amount of time.
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